Cimolichthys is an extinct genus of large predatory marine aulopiform fish known worldwide from the Late Cretaceous. It is the only member of the family Cimolichthyidae.^[2][3]

Quick Facts Scientific classification, Type species ...

Cimolichthys Temporal range: Late Cenomanian to Maastrichtian[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
C. nepaholica specimen, Denver Museum of Nature & Science
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Aulopiformes
Superfamily:	†Cimolichthyoidea
Family:	†Cimolichthyidae Goody, 1969
Genus:	†Cimolichthys Leidy, 1857
Type species
†Cimolichthys levesiensis Leidy, 1857
Species
†C. levesiensis Leidy, 1857 †C. nepaholica Cope, 1872
Synonyms
†Plinthophorus Günther, 1864

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Cimolichthys was a large-sized nektonic aulopiform fish, making it related to modern lancetfish and lizardfish. Within the Aulopiformes, it is generally considered a member of the Enchodontoidei, a dominant group of predatory nektonic fish throughout much of the Cretaceous;^[3][4] however, some other treatments instead place it outside the Enchodontoidei and in a basal position as sister to the waryfishes, a small family of extant deep-sea aulopiformes.^[5] Yet other studies have instead placed it as a sister to the extant daggertooths.^[6]

The following species are known:^[7]

• †C. levesiensis Leidy, 1857 - Cenomanian of England (English Chalk),^[8] late Cenomanian/early Turonian of Germany,^[9] possibly Turonian of Canada (Kaskapau Formation)^[10]
• †C. nepaholica Cope, 1872 - Turonian to Campanian of Canada (Vermilion River Formation of Manitoba, Northwest Territories), Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the United States (Mooreville Chalk of Alabama, Greenhorn Limestone of Colorado, Niobrara Formation of Kansas & South Dakota), and Maastrichtian of the Netherlands & Belgium (both Maastricht Formation)^[11]

C. anceps, C. gladiolus, C. semianceps, C. contracta, C. merillii, and C. sulcatus, all described by Cope (1872), are now considered synonymous with C. nepaholica.^[3][12] Indeterminate remains are known from the Maastrichtian of Niger & Brazil, and the Turonian of the Czech Republic.^[7][13]

Although the closest living relatives of Cimolichthys are lancetfish and lizardfish, the living animals would have resembled very large pikes. They could grow up to 1.5 to 2.0 metres (4.9 to 6.6 ft) meters long. Their bodies were covered by large, heavy scutes. Typical of this species are narrow lower jaws with several series of teeth. Remains of undigested fishes or squids have been found in collected specimens. Particularly well-preserved specimens are known from the Niobrara Formation of Kansas.^[14] Their barbed teeth are distinctive, and can identify the presence of this genus even in formations where articulated remains are not otherwise known.^[11]

• Cimolichthys at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa
• Restoration of Cimolichthys nepaholica.