Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel

Close-mid back rounded vowel

Close-mid back rounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨o⟩ in IPA

The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.

Quick Facts o, IPA Number ...
More information IPA: Vowels, Front ...
Spectrogram of o

Close-mid back protruded vowel

The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨o⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨o̫⟩ for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨oʷ⟩ or ⟨ɤʷ⟩ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩, see near-close back protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨o⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

Occurrence

Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

More information Language, Word ...

Close-mid back compressed vowel

Quick Facts o͍, ɤᵝ ...

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɤ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɤ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɤᵝ⟩ ([ɤ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨o͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Only Wu Chinese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[6]

Features

  • Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Notes

  1. [1]
    While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. [2]
    Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
  3. [3]
    Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. [4]
    Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  5. [5]
    Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  6. [6]
    Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
  7. [7]
    Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  8. [8]
    Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. [9]
    Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  10. [10]
    Uldall (1933), p. ?.
  11. [11]
    Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  12. [12]
    Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  13. [13]
    Wells (1982), p. 310.
  14. [14]
    Roach (2004), p. 242.
  15. [15]
    Lass (2002), p. 116.
  16. [16]
    Wells (1982), p. 626.
  17. [17]
    Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1009.
  18. [18]
    Deterding (2000).
  19. [19]
    Clark, Urszula (2013). West Midlands English: Birmingham and the Black Country. p. 1005. ISBN 9780748641697. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt5hh397.
  20. [20]
    Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  21. [21]
    Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74–75.
  22. [22]
    Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  23. [23]
    Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  24. [24]
    Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  25. [25]
    Hall (2003), pp. 90, 107.
  26. [26]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  27. [27]
    Khan & Weise (2013), p. 237.
  28. [28]
    Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  29. [29]
    Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  30. [30]
    Szende (1994), p. 94.
  31. [31]
    Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  32. [32]
    Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  33. [33]
    Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  34. [34]
    Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  35. [35]
    Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  36. [36]
    Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  37. [37]
    Peters (2006), p. 119.
  38. [38]
    Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  39. [39]
    Stone (2002), p. 600.
  40. [40]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  41. [41]
    Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  42. [42]
    Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  43. [43]
    Popperwell (2010), p. 26.
  44. [44]
    Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
  45. [45]
    Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  46. [46]
    Peters (2017), p. ?.
  47. [47]
    Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  48. [48]
    Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  49. [49]
    Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  50. [50]
    Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  51. [51]
    Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  52. [52]
    Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  53. [53]
    Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  54. [54]
    Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 32–33.
  55. [55]
    Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  56. [56]
    Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.