Club_de_Madrid
Club of Madrid
Non-profit organization
Club de Madrid is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. It is composed of 126 regular members from 73 countries,[2] including 7 Nobel Peace Prize laureates and 20 first female heads of State or Government. Club de Madrid is the world's largest forum of former heads of state and government.[3]
| Formation | 2001 |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Madrid, Spain |
President | |
Vice Presidents | |
| Website | www |
Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counseling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance, and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.[3]
Club de Madrid was founded in October 2001 as a result of the Conference on Democratic Transition and Consolidation held in Madrid with the objective of creating a permanent forum for governments to consult, and "be able to access expert's opinions". The event was organized by the think tank FRIDE (Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exteriores).[4]
The Conference was attended by 32 current and former heads of state and government, who discussed their ideas and conclusions with over 100 experts. Among the attendees were former President of the USSR Mikhaíl Gorbachov, former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, former democratic Prime Ministers of Spain Adolfo Suárez, Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, Felipe González and José María Aznar, former Prime Minister of the Central African Republic Martin Ziguele, and US President Bill Clinton.[4]
The Club's first Secretary General was the co-founder of FRIDE, Antonio Álvarez-Couceiro, and its first President was former President of Brasil Fernando Henrique Cardoso,[5] who held that post until 2006. In 2004, former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell became Secretary General until 2006,[6] when the Spanish diplomat Fernando Perpiñá-Robert took the post. Former President of Chile Ricardo Lagos was elected as the organization's President in 2006,[7] until 2010, when he ceded the position to former Prime Minister of the Netherlands Wim Kok. Also in 2010, Carlos Westendorp, Spanish diplomat and politician, became Secretary General.
Former President of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga was elected President of the Club in 2014. In 2016, María Elena Agüero became Secretary General[8] and, in 2019, former President of Slovenia Danilo Türk was elected President, posts they both still hold.[9]
The Club's first General Assembly was held in Madrid in October 2002 approved the organization's first Annual Policy Dialogue,[10] year-long initiatives that involve members, other organizations, and experts in working grops to formulate policy recommendations on the decided topic. The results of some Annual Policy Dialogues and other programs have been echoed and supported in national and international legislation and pacts.[11]
| Year | Topic | Place |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Democracy[12] | Palace Hotel, Madrid |
| 2003 | The Role of the IMF and its Contribution to Democratic Governance[13] | Palace Hotel, Madrid |
| 2004 | Democracies in Danger: Diagnoses and Prescriptions[14] | Parliament, Madrid |
| 2005 | Democracy in the Post Communist World: Unfinished Business[15] | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague |
| 2005 | International Summit on Democracy, Security and Terrorism[16] | Madrid, Spain |
| 2006 | Challenges of Energy and Democratic Leadership[17] | Palace of the Senate, Madrid |
| 2007 | Democratizing Energy: Geopolitics and Power[18] | Instituto Cervantes, Madrid |
| 2008 | Leadership for Shared Societies[19] | Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| 2009 | Political Dimensions of the World Economic Crisis[20] | Palacio de Congresos, Madrid |
| 2010 | Reconstruction and Democratic Development: the Case of Haiti[21] | Representation of the European Commission in Spain, Madrid |
| 2011 | Digital Technologies for 21st Century Democracy[22] | New York, USA |
| 2012 | Asia Pacific Forum: Building a More Resilient Pacific in the 21st Century World Order[23] | Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia |
| 2012 | Harnessing 21st Century Solutions: a Focus on Women[24] | Little Rock, Arkansas, USA |
| 2013 | South Caucasus Forum[25] | Ganja and Baku, Azerbaijan |
| 2014 | Societies that Work: Jobs for Inclusive Growth[26] | Coolum Beach, Queensland, Australia |
| 2014 | II Global Shared Societies Forum[27] | Baku, Azerbaijan |
| 2014 | Democracy and Human Rights: a Call to Action[28] | Florence, Italy |
| 2015 | Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism[29] | Madrid, Spain |
| 2016 | Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient Cities in the Belt and Road Initiative[30] | Guangzhou, China |
| 2018 | Education for Shared Societies[31] | Lisbon, Portugal |
| 2019 | Digital Transformation and the Future of Democracy[32] | Madrid, Spain |
| 2020 | Multilateralism that Delivers[33] | Online |
| 2021 | Rethinking Democracy[34] | Online |
| 2022 | Leading in a World of Converging Crises[35] | Berlin, Germany |
| 2023 | Rethinking Social Development for People and Planet[36] | Brazil |
The Club de Madrid pushed for a constitutional reform in Haiti[37] and promoted the adoption of a National Pact in 2014 to reach a democratic consensus.[38]
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Club de Madrid called for international cooperation, solidarity, and policies such as the "creation of an international fund for assistance to the Global South to deal with the consequences of COVID-19" and supported "the IMF’s call for coordinated fiscal stimuli to mitigate against long-lasting economic damage". The organization called on the World Bank to support the coordinated purchase of pandemic response equipment.[39]
Club de Madrid issued a statement in support of the 2020 International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples, endorsing practices of restorative justice and highlighting the cosmovision of numerous indigenous peoples towards nature.[40] Also in 2020, the organization appealed to the authorities of Belarus to "stop detentions and the use of force against unarmed demonstrators" after the presidential elections in the country.[41]
Club de Madrid also condemned the 2021 coup d'état in Myanmar and called for the "immediate and unconditional release of President Win Myint, State Counsellor Daw Aung Sang Suu Kyi, members of government, of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and of civil society activists who have been detained".[42] Also in 2021, the organization and 46 of its members publicly supported the suspension of the WTO's intellectual property rules towards COVID-19 vaccines to make vaccination more accessible.[43]
In June 2022, the Club de Madrid called on the Tunisian President Kais Saied to release the politician Hamadi Jebali.[44] Club de Madrid has also repeatedly called for the release of opposition leader Alexei Navalny and other political prisoners in Russia, and for the end of the war in Ukraine through dialogue and diplomacy.[45]
In response to the January 8th Brazilian Congress attack, Club de Madrid condemned the event.[46]
As of April 2023, there are 126 full members, all of whom are previous government officials with full voting rights. The Club also has institutional members and foundations – private and public organizations that share similar democratic objectives, including FRIDE, the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA), both original sponsors of the founding conference in 2001,[47] the Madrid City Council, the Regional Government of Madrid, and the Government of Spain.[48] Additionally, there are six honorary members (e.g. Javier Solana, Aung San Suu Kyi[49]) and several fellows, who are experts on democratic change.[50]
Full members, representatives of the constituent foundations, the Secretary General of the organization, and honorary members form the General Assembly, the highest representative and governing body of Club de Madrid. The General Assembly meets at least once a year to vote on the organization's activities and reports, the proposal of new members, and the designation of the Secretary General, Board of Directors and President, among other activities.[51]
The Board of Directors manages the interests of the organization according to the directives of the General Assembly. The body is composed of the President, currently Danilo Türk, two Vice-Presidents, currently former South Korean Prime Minister Han Seung-soo and former President of Costa Rica Laura Chinchilla, one member from each constituent foundation, the Secretary General, and up to six other members.[52]
The President represents the organization and is elected for a term of three years, renewable once. The Vice-Presidents are also elected for three years, renewable once, and they work closely with the President.[53]
Club de Madrid has two advisory bodies, the President's Circle, made up of individuals and organizations that support the Club's objectives, and the Advisory Committee, composed of fellows who are experts in their fields. The Secretariat, under the direction of the Secretary General, is responsible for the daily management of the Club de Madrid.[54]
Club de Madrid is a non-profit organization and members offer their services on a pro bono basis. It relies financially on donations which are used to support a permanent Secretariat and fund specific projects. The Club's accounts are audited annually by an external organization and publicly available.[55]
The Club of Madrid Foundation Inc. (COMFI) is a grant-making foundation that has US 501(c)(3) tax exemption status. It exists to raise funds in support of the Club's charitable and educational activities. COMFI is independent and not controlled by the Club itself, but solely by a four-person Board of Directors.[56]
Club de Madrid has 126 full members of which 19 are former Heads of State and/or government from Africa and the Middle East, 29 from the Americas, 16 from Asia-Pacific, and 57 from Europe.
List of current members
List of members as of July 17th 2023.[57]
List of secretaries-general
| Name | Start | End | Nation | Party | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antonio Álvarez-Couceiro | 2002 | 2004 |  Spain |
Co-founder of FRIDE | ||
| Kim Campbell | 2004 | 2006 | Canada | Conservative Party | Minister of National Defence (1993)
Minister of Veterans Affairs (1993) Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1993) Minister of State (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) (1993) Prime Minister of Canada (1993) | |
| Fernando Perpiñá-Robert | 2006 | 2010[58] | Spain |
Spanish diplomat | ||
| Carlos Westendorp | 2010[58] | 2016 | Spain | SSWP | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995-1996) | |
| María Elena Agüero | 2016 | Present |
List of honorary members
| Name | Age | Nation | Party | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aung San Suu Kyi | 78 |  Myanmar | NLD | State Counsellor of Myanmar (2016–2021) | |
| Ban Ki-moon | 80 |  South Korea | None | Secretary-General of the United Nations (2007–2016) | |
| Jimmy Carter | 99 |  United States | Democratic | President of the United States (1977–81) | |
| Enrique V. Iglesias | 94 |  Uruguay Spain | (unknown) | President of the Inter-American Development Bank (1998–2005) Secretary General of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat (2005–13) | |
| Javier Solana | 81 | Spain | Socialist | Secretary General of NATO (1995–99) and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (1999–2009) | |
| José Ángel Gurria | 73 |  Mexico |
PRI | Secretary General of OECD (2006-2021) | |
| Juan Somavia | 82 |  Chile |
None | Director of the International Labour Organization (1999-2012) |
List of members of the constituent foundations
| Name | Age | Nation | Party | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diego Hidalgo | 81 | Spain | (unknown) | Founder and President of, and donor to, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) Founding Member and Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA)[59] | |
| T. Anthony Jones | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) | Vice-president and executive director of GFNA[60] | |
| George Matthews | (unknown) | United States | (unknown) | Chairman and co-founder of GFNA[61] | |
| José Manuel Romero Moreno | 83 | Spain | (unknown) | Vice President of FRIDE[62] | |
| Cristina Manzano | Spain |
Director of EsGlobal
Member of FRIDE[63] |
List of former members (deceased)
| Name | Died | Nation | Party | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebastián Piñera | 20210910February 6, 2024(2024-02-06) (aged 74) | Chile | None | President of Chile (2010–2014; 2018–2022) | |
| Jacques Delors | 20210910December 27, 2023(2023-12-27) (aged 98) |  France | Socialist | President of the European Commission (1985-1995) | |
| Fidel V. Ramos | 20220731July 31, 2022 (aged 94) |  Philippines | Lakas | President of the Philippines (1992–1998) | |
| Jorge Sampaio | 20210910September 10, 2021(2021-09-10) (aged 81) |  Portugal | Socialist | President of Portugal (1996–2006) | |
| Òscar Ribas Reig | 20201218December 18, 2020(2020-12-18) (aged 84) |  Andorra | AND | Prime Minister of Andorra (1990–1994) | |
| Tabaré Vázquez | 20201206December 6, 2020(2020-12-06) (aged 80) | Uruguay | PS | President of Uruguay (2005–2010, 2015–2020) | |
| Sadiq al-Mahdi | 20201126November 26, 2020(2020-11-26) (aged 84) |  Sudan | Umma | Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–1967, 1986–1989) | |
| Benjamin Mkapa | 20200724July 24, 2020(2020-07-24) (aged 81) |  Tanzania | CCM | President of Tanzania (1995–2005) | |
| Abdurrahim El-Keib | 20200421April 21, 2020(2020-04-21) (aged 70) |  Libya | None | Acting Prime Minister of Libya (2011–2012) | |
| Javier Pérez de Cuéllar | 20200304March 4, 2020(2020-03-04) (aged 100) |  Peru | UPP | Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991) President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001) | |
| Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie | 20190911September 11, 2019(2019-09-11) (aged 83) |  Indonesia | Golkar | President of Indonesia (1998–1999) | |
| Belisario Betancur | 20181207December 7, 2018(2018-12-07) (aged 95) |  Colombia | Conservative | President of Colombia (1982–1986) | |
| Wim Kok | 20181020October 20, 2018(2018-10-20) (aged 80) |  Netherlands | Labour | Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002) | |
| Kofi Annan | 20180818August 18, 2018(2018-08-18) (aged 80) |  Ghana | None | Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006) | |
| Álvaro Arzú | 20180427April 27, 2018(2018-04-27) (aged 72) |  Guatemala | Unionist | President of Guatemala (1996–2000) Mayor of Guatemala City (2004–2018) | |
| Ruud Lubbers | 20180214February 14, 2018(2018-02-14) (aged 78) | Netherlands | Christian Democratic | Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005) | |
| Quett Masire | 20170622June 22, 2017(2017-06-22) (aged 91) |  Botswana | BDP | President of Botswana (1980–1998) | |
| Helmut Kohl | 20170616June 16, 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87) |  Germany West Germany | Christian Democratic | Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990) Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998) | |
| James Mancham | 20170108January 8, 2017(2017-01-08) (aged 77) |  Seychelles | Democratic | President of Seychelles (1976–1977) | |
| Mário Soares | 20170107January 7, 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 92) | Portugal | Socialist | Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978, 1983–1985) President of Portugal (1986–1996) | |
| António Mascarenhas Monteiro | 20160916September 16, 2016(2016-09-16) (aged 72) |  Cape Verde | MPD | President of Cape Verde (1991–2001) | |
| Patricio Aylwin | 20160419April 19, 2016(2016-04-19) (aged 87) | Chile | PDC | President of Chile (1990–1994) | |
| Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani | 20151108November 8, 2015(2015-11-08) (aged 81) |  Yemen North Yemen | GPC | Prime Minister of North Yemen (1980–1983) Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001) | |
| Adolfo Suárez | 20140323March 23, 2014(2014-03-23) (aged 81) |  Spain | MN (until 1977) UCD (1977–82) | President of the Government of Spain (1976–81) | |
| Tadeusz Mazowiecki | 20131028October 28, 2013(2013-10-28) (aged 86) |  Poland PR Poland | KO "S" (1980–91) UD (1991–94) | Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91) | |
| Inder Kumar Gujral | 20121130November 30, 2012(2012-11-30) (aged 92) |  India | JD | Prime Minister of India (1997–98) | |
| Václav Havel | 20111218December 18, 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75) |  Czech Republic Czechoslovakia | OF (1989–93) None (1993–2004) | President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) | |
| Ferenc Mádl | 20110529May 29, 2011(2011-05-29) (aged 80) |  Hungary | None | President of Hungary (2000–05) | |
| Raúl Alfonsín | 20090331March 31, 2009(2009-03-31) (aged 82) |  Argentina | UCR | President of Argentina (1983–89) | |
| Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo | 20080503May 3, 2008(2008-05-03) (aged 82) | Spain | UCD | President of the Government of Spain (1981–82) | |
| Lennart Meri | 20060314March 14, 2006(2006-03-14) (aged 76) |  Estonia Soviet Union | Isamaa (since 1992) | President of Estonia (1992–2001) | |
| Valentín Paniagua | 20061016October 16, 2006(2006-10-16) (aged 70) | Peru | AC | President of Peru (2000–01) |
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