Early years

Early ruling regimes of Taiwan, such as Dutch East India Company, Spanish Empire, Kingdom of Tungning, Qing Empire, and Republic of Formosa, maintained their own armed forces in Taiwan from recruiting military volunteers from Taiwanese people (including Taiwanese indigenous peoples) or from outside of Taiwan.

Japanese rule

Since the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the Government-General of Taiwan recruited Taiwanese military volunteers to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy.^[1] The 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor has made the war between Japan and China up to a full scale World War II. As the war beak, the Government-General of Taiwan set up several military recruiting programs for Taiwanese people to join the military, including

• Takasago Volunteers (高砂義勇隊, Takasago Giyūtai) (since 1942, for Taiwanese indigenous peoples),
• Army Special Volunteer System (陸軍特別志願兵制度, Rikugun tokubetsu shiganhei) (since 1942, for joining the Imperial Japanese Army), and
• Navy Special Volunteer System (海軍特別志願兵制度, Kaigun tokubetsu shiganhei) (since 1943, for joining the Imperial Japanese Navy).

Finally, conscription was performed in Taiwan from January 1945, until the surrender of Japan in August 1945.

From 1937 to 1945, over 207,183 Taiwanese people served in the Imperial Japanese military, including 80,433 on active duty and 126,750 civilian employees.

After World War II

In August 1945, after the World War II, the Republic of China (ROC) occupied Taiwan as the representative of the Allied Forces. However, after losing the Chinese Civil War, the government retreated to Taiwan, the place it just occupied from Japan 4 years ago, in December 1949. Mandatory conscription was introduced in Taiwan in December 1949 to prevent possible invasion from the Chinese Communist Party-led People's Republic of China (PRC).

In the 1950s, the government enacted significant amendments to the Act of Military Service System (兵役法) to modernize the conscription system in Taiwan. The amended Act has clarified the male citizens shall be on 2 to 3 years of active duty in the Armed Forces depends on the branches (2 years for Army, 3 years for Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps). The amended Act also created a system for the Ministry of National Defense to select reserved officers (預備軍官) and reserved non-commissioned officer (預備士官) from regular male citizens to extend the military mobilization ability. This situation was created due to geopolitics under the Cold War and remained unchanged until late 1980s.

Democratization

Taiwan announced to lift the martial law in 1987 and implemented a full scale democratization in the 1990s. The conscription policy has also been reviewed at his period. At his time, the majority of all enlisted positions in the Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF) were filled by draftees which served 2 years on active duty. As the national defense policy has changed, the duration of mandatory service has also been reduced. From 2 years in 1990 down to 1 year 10 months in 2000. Then a 2 months term cut on mandatory military service each year between 2004 and 2008 until a total of 1 year remained in 2008.

In the 2000s, there has also been an increase in the service options open to draftees, including alternative civilian service system, called Substitute service, with the Ministry of the Interior (MOI), as well as specialized service options for draftees in specific professions. The National Conscription Agency has also been established under MOI to administrates the raft process is set forth by the Act of Military Service System.^[2] Alternative military service members participate in civil defense activities.^[3]

Transition to all-volunteer military forces

In 2007, the Ministry of National Defense had announced that should voluntary enlistment reach sufficient numbers, the compulsory service period for draftees will be shortened to 14 months. It will be further shortened to 12 months in 2009.^[4][5][6]

On March 10, 2009, Minister of Defense Chen Chao-min said by the end of 2014, the country will have an all-volunteer military force. The process of removing conscription will begin in 2010 and by the end of 2014 an all volunteer force will replace the conscripts. Individuals who wish to join must have a minimum of high school education and those who do not volunteer for the military will be required to complete four months of military boot camp.^[7]

In 2012, it was reported that from 2013 on, military draftees born after January 1, 1994, will only need to receive four months of military training and will no longer be required to serve one year of military service, and that the government was on track to replace all serving conscripts with volunteers by the end of 2014.^[8] However, this timetable was pushed back in 2013 to the end of 2016.^[9] Ultimately, this plan was scrapped and plans for abolishing conscription were never brought up thereafter.

Service time for men born on or after January 1, 1994, was cut to four months in 2013. The last group of mandatory conscripts were discharged in December 2018.^[10] However, other sources says that conscription unofficially if not technically still exists as the transition to an all-volunteer force has been unsuccessful in recruiting enough volunteer soldiers to fulfill the defensive needs.^[11][12]

In January 2023, the Taiwanese Defense Ministry announced that it would allow women to volunteer for reserve force training, amid an increase of military pressure from China. The Defense Ministry stated that it only trained male reservists because it only had sufficient capacity to accommodate men. Taiwanese lawmakers claimed excluding women from reserve training amounted to gender discrimination.^[13]

Resumption of active duty conscription

Since 2017, the rapid deterioration of People's Republic of China–United States relations has made a concern that China may seek to change the status quo of Taiwan Strait with its People's Liberation Army (PLA).

In December 2022, President Tsai Ing-wen announced the extension of compulsory military service to one year from four months from 2024, returning to the duration of conscription from 2008 to 2013, citing the rising military threat from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of the People's Republic of China (PRC).^[14]