Offences

Corrupt practices are now defined by the Representation of the People Act 1983 and include:^[3]

• personation, defined as pretending to be another person (whether living, dead or fictitious) in order to vote in their name^[4]
• applying for a postal vote in the name of another person, or diverting the delivery of a postal vote form^[5]
• giving false information in the papers nominating a candidate^[6]
• incurring unlawful expenses in connection with an election campaign,^[7] or making a false declaration regarding election expenses^[8]
• bribing voters to vote or not to vote (with money, or other valuable items)^[9]
• treating, defined as giving or offering food, drink or entertainment to a voter in order to influence their vote^[10]
• exerting undue influence on a voter through threats (including threats of "spiritual injury" as well as physical injury, damage or harm), whether to influence their vote or as a result of their voting^[11]

The result of an election can be challenged on the grounds that corrupt practices have taken place by the presentation of an election petition to the courts within the period of 21 days after the date of the election.^[12] If the election court which hears the petition determines that a corrupt practice has taken place, it issues a report finding the relevant individuals guilty.^[13] A candidate may be reported as personally guilty if they were directly involved with the corrupt practice, or if it was committed with their knowledge or consent. A candidate may also be reported as "guilty by his agents" where his election agent or those working on his campaign commit corrupt practices.^[14]

Punishment

The punishments for corrupt practices fall into two broad categories: non-criminal sanctions, and criminal punishments. The reporting, by an election court, of a person as guilty of a corrupt practice renders them immediately liable to the non-criminal sanctions, and they may additionally be prosecuted and subjected to the criminal punishments (but if they are prosecuted and acquitted, then the non-criminal sanctions are revoked^[15]). Where the election was not challenged by a petition at the time, but suspected corrupt practices are subsequently identified, a criminal prosecution can be instigated (but only within one year of the election concerned^[16]), and anyone found guilty is subject to both criminal punishment and the non-criminal sanctions.

Recent cases

One of the most high-profile cases of corrupt practices in recent years was that of the local government elections in the Bordesley Green and Aston wards of Birmingham in June 2004. The election court, presided over by Richard Mawrey QC, found that there had been extensive abuse of the postal vote system, resulting in the outcome of the election being changed. He accordingly reported that extensive corrupt practices had been committed, found six individuals personally guilty (although one was subsequently cleared by the Court of Appeal^[22]), and voided the elections.^[23]

Following the 1997 General Election, Fiona Jones, who had been elected as Member of Parliament for Newark, and her election agent were initially tried and convicted of making false declaration regarding election expenses. However, the conviction was overturned on appeal.^[24]