Dai_(Han)
Dai Commandery
Historical region of China
Dai Commandery was a commandery (jùn) of the state of Zhao established c. 300 BC and of northern imperial Chinese dynasties until the time of the Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty (r. AD 581–604). It occupied lands in what is now Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia. Its seat was usually at Dai or Daixian (near present-day Yuzhou in Hebei), although it was moved to Gaoliu (present-day Yanggao in Shanxi) during the Eastern Han.
| Dai Commandery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 代郡 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The name derives from the White Di kingdom of Dai, conquered by the Zhao family of Jin.[1]
Zhao Kingdom
Dai Commandery was first established around 300 BC during China's Warring States Period by the state of Zhao's King Yong, posthumously known as the Wuling ("Martial-&-Numinous") King.[2] The commandery seat—then known as Dai—was southwest of present-day Yuzhou in Hebei.[3] It was the former capital of the independent state of Dai, which had been conquered by King Yong's ancestors around 476 BC.[4] He created Dai Commandery along with its companion commanderies of Yanmen and Yunzhong to consolidate his conquests[2] from invasions of the Loufan (t 樓煩, s 楼烦, Lóufán) and "forest nomads" (林胡, Línhú) in 306 and 304 BC.[5]
Following the Qin conquest of Zhao, Zhao Jia attempted to regroup at Dai, declaring himself its king.[4] This Kingdom of Dai was ended by Qin in 222 BC,[4] just prior to the declaration of the Qin Empire two years later.
Qin Empire
Dai Commandery was one of the divisions of the Qin Empire.[6] Its seat—then known as Daixian—continued to be near present-day Yuzhou.[7]
| Qin-era counties | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Chinese | ||
| Trad. | Simp. | Pinyin | |
| Dai | 代縣 | 代县 | Dài Xiàn |
| Dangcheng | 當城縣 | 当城县 | Dāngchéng Xiàn |
| Yanling | 延陵縣 | 延陵县 | Yánlíng Xiàn |
| New Pingshu | 新平舒縣 | 新平舒县 | Xīnpíngshū Xiàn |
| Pingyi | 平邑縣 | 平邑县 | Píngyì Xiàn |
| East Anyang | 東安陽縣 | 东安阳县 | Dōng'ānyáng Xiàn |
| Yangyuan | 陽原縣 | 阳原县 | Yángyuán Xiàn |
| Lucheng | 鹵城縣 | 卤城县 | Lǔchéng Xiàn |
| Banshi | 班氏縣 | 班氏县 | Bānshì Xiàn |
| Canhe | 參合縣 | 参合县 | Cānhé Xiàn |
| Gaoliu | 高柳縣 | 高柳县 | Gāoliǔ Xiàn |
| Guangchang[lower-alpha 1] | 廣昌縣 | 广昌县 | Guǎngchāng Xiàn |
| Qieru[lower-alpha 2] | 且如縣 | 且如县 | Qiěrú Xiàn |
Eighteen Kingdoms
During the interregnum following Qin's collapse, Dai was one of the Eighteen Kingdoms established by Xiang Yu. It was ruled by Zhao Xie and Chun Yu.
Western Han Empire
Under the Han, Dai Prefecture formed part of the province of Bingzhou and oversaw 18 counties,[10] both within and beyond the Great Wall.[3] Along with Yunzhong and Yanmen, it also formed part of the Principality of Dai, used as an imperial appanage.[4] The Book of Han records Dai Commandery having 278,754 people living in 56,771 households.[10] The Han administration kept the seat at Daixian near present-day Yuzhou[7] and continued the Qin-era counties (renaming "New Pingshu County" to simply "Pingshu County"), with the addition of:[10]
| Additional Han-era counties | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Chinese | ||
| Trad. | Simp. | Pinyin | |
| Sanggan | 桑乾縣 | 桑干县 | Sānggān Xiàn |
| Daoren | 道人縣 | 道人县 | Dàoren Xiàn |
| Macheng | 馬城縣 | 马城县 | Mǎchéng Xiàn |
| Yishi | 狋氏縣 | 狋氏县 | Yíshì Xiàn |
| Lingqiu | 靈丘縣 | 灵丘县 | Língqiū Xiàn |
Xin Empire
Under the short-lived Xin dynasty established by Wang Mang, several of the Han counties were renamed.
Eastern Han Empire
Under the Eastern Han, Dai Commandery formed part of the province of Youzhou.[11] Its seat—then known as Gaoliu—was southwest[3] of present-day Yanggao in northeastern Shanxi.[7]
Wei Kingdom
During China's Three Kingdoms Period, Wei returned the commandery seat to Daixian (near present-day Yuzhou, Hebei).[7]
Sixteen Kingdoms
During China's Sixteen Kingdoms Period, both Later Yan and the Northern Wei had commanderies named Dai.[7] Northern Wei's lay to the west, with its seat at Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi).[7]
Separate from these, Tuoba Yilu was declared "Duke of Dai" (代公) by the Jin in AD 310 and (vassal) "King of Dai" by the same court in 315.[4] This Xianbei Kingdom of Dai lasted until 376, and its dynasts were responsible for the later state of Northern Wei.[4] It held some lands in northern Shanxi and Hebei but was mostly to their north in what is now Inner Mongolia, with their capital at Shengle (northwest of present-day Horinger).[4]
Sui Empire
Dai Commandery continued until its abolishment under the Wen Emperor of Sui, who replaced it in 585 with Dai Prefecture, whose seat was at Guangwu or Yanmen (present-day Daixian, Shanxi).[12]
- Guangchang is not included in the counties listed by Hou,[6] but appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.[8]
- Qieru is not included in the counties listed by Hou,[6] but appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.[9]
Citations
- Johnston (2017), pp. 170–1.
- Di Cosmo (2002), p. 143.
- Hua & al. (2017), s.v. "Dai zhou".
- Xiong (2009), s.v. "Dai".
- Spring (2015), p. 176.
- Xiong (2009), s.v. "Daijun".
- Records of the Grand Historian, "Biography of Fan Kuai".
- De Crespigny (2016), p. 250.
- Xiong (2009), s.v. "Daizhou".
Bibliography
- Ban Gu; et al., Book of Han. (in Chinese)
- De Crespigny, Rafe (2016), Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23–220 AD, Sinica Leidensia, No. 134, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 9789004325203.
- Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002), Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521543828.
- Gu Yanwu (2017), Johnston, Ian (ed.), Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays, Translations from the Asian Classics, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231542678.
- Hou Xiaorong (2009), 《秦代政区地理》 [Qíndài Zhèngqū Dìlǐ, An Atlas of Qin-Era Administrative Divisions], Beijing: Social Science Academic Press. (in Chinese)
- Li Shizhen (2017), Hua Linfu; et al. (eds.), Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary, Vol. II: Geographical and Administrative Designations, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520291966.
- Sima Qian; et al., Records of the Grand Historian. (in Chinese)
- Spring, Peter (2015), Great Walls and Linear Barriers, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, ISBN 9781473854048.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 19, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810860537.