Date notation in English

Dates are traditionally and most commonly written in day–month–year (DMY) order:^[1][2]

• 31 December 1999
• 31/12/99

Formal style manuals discourage writing the day of the month as an ordinal number (for example "31st December" or "31st December"), except with an incomplete reference, such as "They set off on 12 August 1960 and arrived on the 18th".^[1][3]

When saying the date, it is usually pronounced using "the", then the ordinal number of the day first, then the preposition "of", then the month (for example "the thirty-first of December"). The month-first form (for example "December the third") was widespread until the mid-20th century and remains the most common format for newspapers across the United Kingdom. Example: The Times and the British tabloids (Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Sun, Daily Express) all have 'Friday, December 31, 2021', while The Guardian, the Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph all have 'Friday 31 December 2021'. Consequently in the UK there is no standard pattern for long form dates when printed, as opposed to when using numeric dates, for which there are standard formats.

The month-first format is still spoken, perhaps more commonly when not including a year in the sentence. When the date is written out in full, or when spoken, usage can be one or the other. Neither is distinctly preferred over the other, and there is no risk of ambiguity.

All-numeric dates

All-numeric dates are used in notes and references, but not running prose. They can be written in several forms. For example, to represent 31 December 1999:^[1]

• 31/12/99 or 31.12.99
• 31.xii.99 (unusual)
• 1999-12-31 (unusual except when required for sorting purposes)

The year may also be written in full (31/12/1999).^[1] It contrasts with date and time notation in the United States, where the month is placed first, leading to confusion in international communications: in the United States, 2/11/03 is interpreted as 11 February 2003. To remedy this, the month is sometimes written in Roman numerals, a format common in some European countries: 2.xi.03.^[1]

The ISO 8601 format (adopted as British Standard BS ISO 8601:2004)^[4] is unambiguous and machine-readable, and increasingly popular in technical, scientific, financial, and computing contexts.^[1] It also has the desirable property that lists of dates in this format, when sorted lexicographically correspond to their chronological order. The Government Digital Service requires it for all forms of data transmission.^[5] Dates in this format are separated with hyphens: 2003-11-02.^[6]

Weeks

Weeks are generally referred to by the date on which they start, with Monday often treated as the first day of the week, for example "the week commencing 5 March".^{[citation needed]} Some more traditional calendars instead treat Sunday as the first day of the week. ISO 8601 week numbers are found in diaries and are used in business.

Date notation in Welsh

The day–month–year order is also used in modern Welsh:^[7]

• 20 Mai 1999
• 20fed Mai 1999 or 20^fed Mai 1999 (The suffix indicates an ordinal number, like "th" in English.)

The month–day–year order (for example "Mai 20, 1999") was previously more common: it is usual to see a Welsh month–day–year date next to an English day–month–year date on a bilingual plaque from the latter half of the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

"20 Mai 1999" is read as yr ugeinfed o Fai mil naw naw naw with the usual soft mutation of M to F after o ("of"). The year 1999 can be read as either mil naw naw naw (thousand nine nine nine) or un naw naw naw (one nine nine nine).

Time notation in English

Both the 24-hour and 12-hour notations are used in the United Kingdom, for example:^[8]

• 23:59 or 23.59
• 11.59 p.m.

The 24-hour notation is used in timetables and on most digital clocks, but 12-hour notation is still widely used in ordinary life. The 24-hour notation is used more often than in North America – transport timetables use it exclusively, as do most legal documents – but not as commonly as in much of the non-English-speaking world. The BBC has been using 24-hour notation in its online radio and TV guides for many years, though ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5 still maintain 12-hour notation.^{[citation needed]}

It is rare to use the 24-hour format when speaking; 21:30 is colloquially spoken as "half past nine" or "nine thirty" rather than "twenty-one thirty".^{[citation needed]} The spoken 24-hour format is used in airport and railway station announcements: "We regret to inform that the fifteen hundred [15:00] service from Nottingham is running approximately 10 minutes late"; "The next train arriving at Platform four is the twenty fifteen [20:15] service to London Euston". Like North America but unlike mainland Europe, a leading zero is used for the hour of the 24-hour format, as in 08:30 (read "oh eight thirty").

To separate the hours, minutes and seconds, either a point or a colon can be used. For 12-hour time, the point format (for example "1.45 p.m.") is in common usage and has been recommended by some style guides, including the academic manual published by Oxford University Press under various titles,^[8] as well as the internal house style book for the University of Oxford,^[9] that of The Guardian^[10] and The Times newspapers.^[11]

The colon format (as in "1:45 p.m.") is also recognised and is common in digital devices and applications. The more descriptive 2014 revision of New Hart's Rules concedes that the colon format "is often seen in British usage too", and that either style "is acceptable if applied consistently."^[8]

The time-of-day abbreviations (which are generally lowercase only) are handled in various conflicting styles, including "a.m." and "p.m." with a space between the time and the abbreviation ("1.45 p.m.");^[8] "am" and "pm" with a space ("1.45 pm" – recognised as an alternative usage by Oxford);^[8] and the same without a space ("1.45pm" – primarily found in news writing).^[10][11][12]

In 24-hour time, a colon is internationally standard (as in "13:45"). Some British news publishers favour "13.45" format instead, such as The Guardian.^[10] Some stick with the colon, including the Evening Standard^{[citation needed]} and the BBC.^[13] Oxford recognises both styles.^[8] The "a.m." and "p.m." abbreviations are not used with 24-hour time in any form.

Time notation in Welsh

The Welsh language usage of the 12-hour and 24-hour clocks is similar to that of UK English above.^{[citation needed]} However, the 24-hour notation has only a written, not a spoken form. For example, written 9:00 and 21:00 (or 09.00, etc.) are said (naw o'r gloch, literally 'nine of the bell'). Minutes are always either wedi ('after') or i ('to') the hour, for example 21:18 deunaw (munud) wedi naw ('eighteen (minutes) past nine') and 21:42 deunaw (munud) i ddeg ('eighteen (minutes) to ten'). Phrases such as y bore ('(of) the morning'), y prynhawn ('(of) the afternoon') and yr hwyr ('(of) the evening') are used to distinguish times in 12-hour notation, much like Latin a.m. and p.m., which are also in common use, for example 9.00yb (09:00) as opposed to 9.00yh (21:00).