Structure of the population

Population genetics

Genetics studies fluctuate between 57,8% and 67.9% European;^{[20][21][22][23]} between 32.1% and 44.3% Amerindian;^[21][24] and 2.5%—6.3% African ancestry percentages.^[25][20] A genetic study by the University of Chile found that the average Chilean's genetic makeup consists of 64% Caucasian and 35% Amerindian ancestry.^[26] In a 2014 study of Chilean soldiers stationed in Arica, researchers found that the average self-identifying white person (37.9%) was genetically only 54% European.^[27]

European immigration

Chile - located far from Europe and difficult to reach - was never an attractive place for migrants from Europe,^[34][35] a situation recognized in the census of 1907, the census which recorded the highest percentage of Europeans versus the total population of Chile (2.2%).^[36]

The observed increase in 1885 is due in large part to the annexation of three provinces after the Pacific War and the final conquest of the Araucanía. Given that our country receives almost no foreign immigration, this increase is significant, when compared with that of more advanced countries in this regard. The comparative table that follows demonstrates this:

(...)

Except for those lucky countries that have seen in the last half century flocking to its beaches a huge influx of immigrants, a situation that unfortunately is not ours, the rate of increase of the population of Chile, figures honorably between the rate of the most prosperous countries on Earth.

— National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas)^[36]

European migration in the 19th century did not result in a remarkable change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan and the city of Concepcion in the BIO-BIO Region.^[37]

Spain and France was the largest source of European immigration to Chile during the XVII and the XVIII centuries, specially from the deep southern parts of Andalusia and Extremadura, which contributed to the Chilean ethnogenesis with thousands of peasants who migrated to the fertile lands of the Chilean Central Valley alongside the basque merchants who started to arrive in the XVIII century in great numbers.

The largest contingent of people to have arrived in post-independence Chile came from Spain and from the Basque country, a region divided between northern Spain and southern France. Estimates of the number of Chileans who have one or two surnames of Basque origin range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 20% (3,200,000).^{[38][39][40][41][42][43][44]} Note that this phenomenon occurs not only in Chile, but also in every Autonomous Community of Spain,^[45] as well as in other Latin American countries - one can see that a substantial portion of their populations have one or two surnames of Basque or Navarre origin,^{[46][47][48][49][50][51]} tending to be more common in the upper classes, and hence becoming more unusual in lower classes.^[52]

Chile's various waves of non-Spanish immigrants include Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Poles.

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community.^[53][54] Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. It is difficult to count the number of descendants of Germans in Chile, given the great amount of time since 1848. Because many areas of southern Chile were sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration there are quite noticeable. An independent estimate calculates that about 500,000 Chileans could descend from German immigrants.^[55]

Other historically significant immigrant groups included Croats, whose descendants today are estimated at 380,000 persons, or 2.4% of the Chilean population.^[56][57] Some authors claim that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.^[58] Over 700,000 Chileans (4.5% of the Chilean population) may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) and Irish forebears.^[59] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated to number between 90,000 and 120,000;^[60] most live in or near either Santiago or Antofagasta, and Chile is one of the five countries in the world most populated with descendants of Greeks.^[61] The descendants of Swiss immigrants add 90,000,^[62] and estimates suggest that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.^[63] 600.000 Chileans descend from Italian immigrants. Other groups of Europeans exist but are found in smaller numbers, such as the descendants of Austrians^{[64][need quotation to verify]} and Dutchmen (estimated at about 50,000).^[65][66]

Latin American immigrants

Since the reestablishment of democracy in Chile, the former tendency for emigrants from the country to outnumber immigrants to it has reversed. Chile now is one of the two countries in Latin America with a positive migration rate.^[67] Since 1990, with the opening of Chile to the world, through a free market system, and the consequent socioeconomic development of the country, has been noted the attraction of a significant number of immigrants from various Latin American countries, which represented in Census 2017, approximately 1,200,000 people, corresponding to 7% of the population residing in the Chilean territory, without counting their descendants born in Chile, due to the effects of the ius soli.^[68] Their main origins, corresponds to: 288,233 Venezuelans, 223,923 Peruvians, 179,338 Haitians, 146,582 Colombians, 107,346 Bolivians, 74,713 Argentines, 36,994 Ecuadorians, 18,185 Brazilians, 17,959 Dominicans, 15,837 Cubans and 8,975 Mexicans.^[69]

This has prompted a change in the physiognomy of certain communes in the country where its number is concentrated. In communes such as Santiago Centro and Independencia, 1/3 of residents is a Latin American immigrant (28% and 31% of the population of these communes, respectively).^[70] Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%).^[71] In the northern regions such as Antofagasta region, 17.3% of the population is a Latin American foreigner, with communes such as Ollagüe (31%), Mejillones (16%), Sierra Gorda (16%) and Antofagasta (11%), with high percentages of Latin American immigrants, mainly Bolivians, Colombians and Peruvians.^[72]

Indigenous communities

The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity."^[73]

According to the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed, and 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description. Of that 4.6%, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.^[74] Most of the indigenous population show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.^[75]

Chile is one of the twenty-two countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.^[76] It was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008. In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark ruling in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.^[77]

Other ethnic groups

It is estimated that about 5% of the population (800,000) is descendant of Asian immigrants, chiefly from the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese, see Arab Chileans).^[78][79] Most of these are Christians from the Levant,^[80] of whom roughly 500,000 are Palestinian descendants, mostly Christians, are believed to reside in Chile.^{[81][82][83][84][85][86]} Additionally, about 18,000 - 25,000 Jews reside in Chile.^[87]

In recent years, Chile has had a growing East Asian population, mainly from China (see Chinese Chilean), but also from Japan (see Japanese Chilean) and South Korea (see Koreans in Chile). The earliest wave of East Asian immigration took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly Chinese and Japanese contract laborers.

Chile administers Easter Island a territory 4,100 km west of the mainland. The Rapa Nui people are native to the island and are Polynesian in origin. About 3,500 live on the island,^[88] but around 10,000 came to the mainland in the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

There is a sizable population of Romani people in Chile. They are widely and easily recognized, and continue to hold on to their traditions and language, and many continue to live semi-nomadic lifestyles traveling from city to city and living in small tented communities^[89]

Official statistics

¹This estimate and those of previous years were made before the 2012 census results were known.

(p) = preliminary figures.| 2020¹

Current vital statistics

Ine will publish every month the vital statistics report.^[101]

More information Period, Live births ...

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January 2023	16,313	10,091	6,222
January 2024	12,727	9,680	3,047
Difference	-3,586 (-21.9%)	-411 (-4.07%)	-3,175

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United Nations estimates

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. ^[9]