Demographics_of_Egypt
Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East, and the fourth-most populous on the African continent, after Nigeria, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of the Congo.[1][2] About 95%[3] of the country's 104 million people (July 2023)[4] live along the banks of the Nile and in the Nile Delta, which fans out north of Cairo; and along the Suez Canal. These regions are among the world's most densely populated, containing an average of over 1,540 people per km2, as compared to 96 persons per km2 for the country as a whole.
| Demographics of Egypt | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Egypt in 2020 | |
| Population | 104,400,000 |
| Growth rate | 1.68% (2022pest.) |
| Birth rate | 19.4 births/1,000 population (2023) |
| Death rate | 5.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023) |
| Life expectancy | 74.45 years |
| • male | 73.26 years |
| • female | 75.72 years |
| Fertility rate | 2.58 children (2023 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | -0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 1.06 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
| At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female |
| Language | |
| Official | Arabic |
Small communities spread throughout the desert regions of Egypt are clustered around historic trade and transportation routes. The government has tried with mixed success to encourage migration to newly irrigated land reclaimed from the desert. However, the proportion of the population living in rural areas has continued to decrease as people move to the megacities in search of employment and a higher standard of living.
According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of demographic structural approach (cliodynamics), the basic problem Egypt has is an unemployment rate driven by a demographic youth bulge: with the number of new people entering the job force at about 4% a year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates as it is for people who have gone through elementary school, particularly educated urban youth, who comprised most of the people that were seen out in the streets during the Egyptian revolution of 2011. An estimated 51.2% of Egyptians are under the age of 25, with just 4.3% over the age of 65, making it one of the most youthful populations in the world.[5][6]
Egypt has a population of 109,500,000 (2023).[7] According to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Egypt from 1990 to 2008 was 23.7 million and 41%.[8]
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
History
![[icon]](./File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2022) |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4,000,000 | — |
| 1000 | 8,000,000 | +0.07% |
| 1500 | 7,300,000 | −0.02% |
| 1805 | 4,000,000 | −0.20% |
| 1882 | 6,712,000 | +0.67% |
| 1897 | 9,669,000 | +2.46% |
| 1907 | 11,190,000 | +1.47% |
| 1917 | 12,718,000 | +1.29% |
| 1927 | 14,178,000 | +1.09% |
| 1937 | 15,921,000 | +1.17% |
| 1947 | 18,967,000 | +1.77% |
| 1960 | 26,085,000 | +2.48% |
| 1966 | 30,076,000 | +2.40% |
| 1976 | 36,626,000 | +1.99% |
| 1986 | 48,254,000 | +2.80% |
| 1996 | 59,312,000 | +2.08% |
| 2006 | 72,798,000 | +2.07% |
| 2017 | 93,287,000 | +2.28% |
| Source: Population in Egypt[9] | ||
Age distribution
Data taken from Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.[10]
| Age group | 2006 | 1996 | 1986 | 1976 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 10.6 | 11.6 | 15.3 | 13.9 |
| 5–9 | 10.5 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 12.8 |
| 10–14 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 11.6 | 13.4 |
| 15–19 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 10.9 |
| 20–24 | 10.8 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.4 |
| 25–29 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7.3 |
| 30–34 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 5.8 |
| 35–39 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.6 |
| 40–44 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 5.1 |
| 45–49 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
| 50–54 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
| 55–59 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 |
| 60–64 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 |
| 65–69 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| 70–74 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| 75+ | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
Percentage distribution of population in censuses by age group
| Age group | Male | Female | % | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 4,282 | 4,072 | 10.6 | 8,354 |
| 5–9 | 4,265 | 4,007 | 10.5 | 8,272 |
| 10–14 | 4,330 | 4,023 | 10.6 | 8,353 |
| 15–19 | 4,738 | 4,501 | 11.7 | 9,239 |
| 20–24 | 4,358 | 4,155 | 10.8 | 8,513 |
| 25–29 | 3,412 | 3,498 | 8.8 | 6,910 |
| 30–34 | 2,614 | 2,503 | 6.5 | 5,117 |
| 35–39 | 2,498 | 2,536 | 6.4 | 5,034 |
| 40–44 | 2,237 | 2,186 | 5.6 | 4,423 |
| 45–49 | 2,029 | 1,942 | 5.0 | 3,971 |
| 50–54 | 1,668 | 1,640 | 4.2 | 3,308 |
| 55–59 | 1,312 | 1,136 | 3.1 | 2,448 |
| 60–64 | 971 | 871 | 2.3 | 1 842 |
| 65–69 | 693 | 597 | 1.6 | 1 290 |
| 70–74 | 435 | 419 | 1.1 | 854 |
| 75+ | 408 | 392 | 1.0 | 800 |
| Total | 40,250 | 38,478 | 100 | 78,728 |
Population estimates by sex and age group (1 July 2010):
| Age group | Male | Female | % | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 4,780 | 4,410 | 11.17 | 9,190 |
| 5–9 | 4,534 | 4,192 | 10.60 | 8,726 |
| 10–14 | 3,970 | 3,706 | 9.33 | 7,676 |
| 15–19 | 3,970 | 3,746 | 9.37 | 7,710 |
| 20–24 | 4,236 | 4,024 | 10.04 | 8,260 |
| 25–29 | 4,084 | 3,924 | 9.73 | 8,008 |
| 30–34 | 3,346 | 3,249 | 8.01 | 6,595 |
| 35–39 | 2,589 | 2,524 | 6.21 | 5,113 |
| 40–44 | 2,262 | 2,206 | 5.43 | 4,468 |
| 45–49 | 2,077 | 2,037 | 5.00 | 4,114 |
| 50–54 | 1,821 | 1,798 | 4.40 | 3,619 |
| 55–59 | 1,494 | 1,480 | 3.61 | 2,974 |
| 60–64 | 1,105 | 1,113 | 2.69 | 2,218 |
| 65–69 | 767 | 785 | 1.89 | 1,552 |
| 70–74 | 501 | 517 | 1.24 | 1,018 |
| 75+ | 522 | 536 | 1.29 | 1,058 |
| Total | 42,058 | 40,247 | 100 | 82,305 |
Population estimates by sex and age group (1 July 2012):
| Age group | Male | Female | % | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 4,861 | 4,481 | 11.17 | 9,342 |
| 5–9 | 4,610 | 4,259 | 10.60 | 8,869 |
| 10–14 | 4,038 | 3,765 | 9.33 | 7,803 |
| 15–19 | 4,038 | 3,805 | 9.37 | 7,843 |
| 20–24 | 4,309 | 4,089 | 10.04 | 8,398 |
| 25–29 | 4,152 | 3,987 | 9.73 | 8,139 |
| 30–34 | 3,403 | 3,300 | 8.01 | 6,703 |
| 35–39 | 2,633 | 2,564 | 6.21 | 5,197 |
| 40–44 | 2,300 | 2,241 | 5.43 | 4,541 |
| 45–49 | 2,113 | 2,069 | 5.00 | 4,182 |
| 50–54 | 1,852 | 1,827 | 4.40 | 3,679 |
| 55–59 | 1,519 | 1,504 | 3.61 | 3,023 |
| 60–64 | 1,124 | 1,130 | 2.69 | 2,254 |
| 65–69 | 781 | 797 | 1.89 | 1,578 |
| 70–74 | 510 | 525 | 1.24 | 1,035 |
| 75–79 | 291 | 303 | 0.71 | 594 |
| 80+ | 239 | 242 | 0.57 | 481 |
| Total | 42,773 | 40,888 | 100 | 83,661 |
Population estimates by sex and age group (1 January 2013):
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 4 910 594 | 4 538 740 | 9 449 334 | 11,17 |
| 5–9 | 4 657 900 | 4 313 848 | 8 971 748 | 10,60 |
| 10–14 | 4 079 894 | 3 812 951 | 7 892 845 | 9,33 |
| 15–19 | 4 079 894 | 3 853 840 | 7 933 634 | 9,37 |
| 20–24 | 4 353 289 | 4 140 279 | 8 493 568 | 10,04 |
| 25–29 | 4 195 561 | 4 037 843 | 8 233 404 | 9,73 |
| 30–34 | 3 438 467 | 3 342 721 | 6 781 188 | 8,01 |
| 35–39 | 2 660 343 | 2 596 487 | 5 256 830 | 6,21 |
| 40–44 | 2 323 857 | 2 269 370 | 4 593 227 | 5,43 |
| 45–49 | 2 134 584 | 2 095 590 | 4 230 173 | 5,00 |
| 50–54 | 1 871 704 | 1 850 252 | 3 721 956 | 4,40 |
| 55–59 | 1 535 218 | 1 523 136 | 3 058 354 | 3,61 |
| 60–64 | 1 135 641 | 1 144 907 | 2 280 548 | 2,69 |
| 65–69 | 788 639 | 807 569 | 1 596 208 | 1,89 |
| 70–74 | 515 244 | 531 564 | 1 046 809 | 1,24 |
| 75–79 | 294 425 | 306 672 | 601 097 | 0,71 |
| 80+ | 241 849 | 246 108 | 487 957 | 0,58 |
| Total | 43 217 105 | 41 411 877 | 84 628 982 | 100 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–14 | 13 648 388 | 12 665 539 | 26 313 927 | 31,09 |
| 15–64 | 27 728 560 | 26 854 425 | 54 582 985 | 64,50 |
| 65+ | 1 840 157 | 1 891 913 | 3 732 070 | 4,41 |
Population estimates by sex and age group (1 July 2013):
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 5 102 | 4 728 | 9 830 | 11,3 |
| 5–9 | 4 729 | 4 398 | 9 127 | 10,5 |
| 10–14 | 4 225 | 3 959 | 8 184 | 9,4 |
| 15–19 | 4 312 | 4 077 | 8 389 | 9,7 |
| 20–24 | 4 565 | 4 365 | 8 930 | 10,4 |
| 25–29 | 4 280 | 4 119 | 8 399 | 9,7 |
| 30–34 | 3 413 | 3 319 | 6 732 | 7,8 |
| 35–39 | 2 678 | 2 604 | 5 282 | 6,1 |
| 40–44 | 2 391 | 2 349 | 4 740 | 5,5 |
| 45–49 | 2 194 | 2 156 | 4 350 | 5,0 |
| 50–54 | 1 898 | 1 877 | 3 775 | 4,3 |
| 55–59 | 1 547 | 1 536 | 3 083 | 3,6 |
| 60–64 | 1 130 | 1 131 | 2 261 | 2,6 |
| 65–69 | 789 | 801 | 1 590 | 1,8 |
| 70–74 | 515 | 535 | 1 050 | 1,2 |
| 75+ | 537 | 555 | 1 092 | 1,3 |
| Total | 44 305 | 42 509 | 86 814 | 100 |
| Age group | Sex ratio | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–14 | 107.4 | 14 056 | 13 085 | 27 141 | 31,26 |
| 15–39 | 104.1 | 19 248 | 18 484 | 37 732 | 43,46 |
| 40–64 | 101.2 | 9 160 | 9 049 | 18 209 | 20,97 |
| 65+ | 97.4 | 1 841 | 1 891 | 3 732 | 4,30 |
Population estimates by sex and age group (1 July 2014) in thousands:
| Age Group | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 14,1 | 12,6 | 13,4 |
| 5–9 | 12,1 | 11,1 | 11,6 |
| 10–14 | 10,7 | 9,9 | 10,3 |
| 15–19 | 9,1 | 9,0 | 9,1 |
| 20–24 | 7,8 | 8,6 | 8,2 |
| 25–29 | 8,2 | 9,4 | 8,8 |
| 30–34 | 7,0 | 7,7 | 7,3 |
| 35–39 | 5,9 | 6,2 | 6,0 |
| 40–44 | 4,8 | 5,1 | 4,9 |
| 45–49 | 4,7 | 4,7 | 4,7 |
| 50–54 | 4,2 | 4,5 | 4,4 |
| 55–59 | 3,4 | 3,7 | 3,5 |
| 60–64 | 3,4 | 3,3 | 3,4 |
| 65–69 | 2,0 | 1,9 | 1,9 |
| 70–74 | 1,4 | 1,3 | 1,3 |
| 75–79 | 0,6 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
| 80+ | 0,5 | 0,6 | 0,6 |
| Age group | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–14 | 36,9 | 33,6 | 35,3 |
| 15–64 | 58,6 | 62,1 | 60,4 |
| 65+ | 4,5 | 4,3 | 4,3 |
Household population by age and sex (DHS 2014).[11]
Total population in thousands: 114 428 (Males 56 926, Females 57 501)
[ Population estimates by sex and age group (1 January 2015):
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 5 168 230 | 4 791 812 | 9 960 042 | 11,3 |
| 5–9 | 4 790 338 | 4 456 493 | 9 246 831 | 10,5 |
| 10–14 | 4 279 072 | 4 013 008 | 8 292 080 | 9,4 |
| 15–19 | 4 367 988 | 4 131 991 | 8 499 979 | 9,7 |
| 20–24 | 4 623 621 | 4 424 043 | 9 047 664 | 10,3 |
| 25–29 | 4 334 645 | 4 175 258 | 8 509 903 | 9,7 |
| 30–34 | 3 456 601 | 3 364 004 | 6 820 605 | 7,8 |
| 35–39 | 2 711 932 | 2 639 282 | 5 351 214 | 6,1 |
| 40–44 | 2 422 954 | 2 379 682 | 4 802 636 | 5,5 |
| 45–49 | 2 222 893 | 2 184 980 | 4 407 873 | 5,0 |
| 50–54 | 1 922 803 | 1 903 745 | 3 826 548 | 4,4 |
| 55–59 | 1 567 139 | 1 557 610 | 3 124 749 | 3,6 |
| 60–64 | 1 144 789 | 1 146 574 | 2 291 363 | 2,6 |
| 65–69 | 800 241 | 811 254 | 1 611 495 | 1,8 |
| 70–74 | 522 379 | 540 837 | 1 063 216 | 1,2 |
| 75+ | 544 608 | 562 470 | 1 107 078 | 1,3 |
| Total | 44 880 233 | 43 083 043 | 87 963 276 | 100 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–14 | 14 237 640 | 13 261 313 | 27 498 953 | 31,26 |
| 15–64 | 28 775 365 | 27 907 169 | 56 682 534 | 64,44 |
| 65+ | 1 867 228 | 1 914 561 | 3 781 789 | 4,30 |
Historical and present population distribution:
| Age group | 1 January 2015 | 1 July 2013 | 1 January 2013 | 1 July 2012 | 1 July 2010 | 2006 | 1996 | 1986 | 1976 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–14 | 31.26 (27,498,953) | 31.09 (26,313,927) | 31.1 (26,014,000) | 31.1 (25,592,000) | 31.7 (24,979,000) | 31.7 | 37.8 | 40.1 | 40 |
| 15–64 | 64.44 (56,682,534) | 64.50 (54,582,985) | 64.49 (53,959,000) | 64.48 (53,085,000) | 64.6 (50,805,000) | 64.6 | 58.7 | 56.6 | 56.4 |
| 65+ | 4.30 (3,781,789) | 4.41 (3,732,070) | 4.41 (3,688,000) | 4.42 (3,628,000) | 3.7 (2,944,000) | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
Urban and rural population
Figures from CAPMAS:[12]
| Midyear
Population |
Urban population (in thousands) | Urban population (per cent) | Rural population (in thousands) | Rural population (per cent) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 51 911 | 22 519 | 43.4 | 29 392 | 56.6 |
| 1991 | 52 985 | 22 908 | 43.2 | 30 077 | 56.8 |
| 1992 | 54 082 | 23 366 | 43.2 | 30 716 | 56.8 |
| 1993 | 55 201 | 23 804 | 43.1 | 31 397 | 56.9 |
| 1994 | 56 344 | 24 276 | 43.1 | 32 068 | 56.9 |
| 1995 | 57 642 | 24 709 | 42.9 | 32 933 | 57.1 |
| 1996 | 58 835 | 25 053 | 42.6 | 33 782 | 57.4 |
| 1997 | 60 053 | 25 578 | 42.6 | 34 475 | 57.4 |
| 1998 | 61 296 | 26 104 | 42.6 | 35 192 | 57.4 |
| 1999 | 62 565 | 26 559 | 42.5 | 36 006 | 57.5 |
| 2000 | 63 860 | 27 132 | 42.5 | 36 728 | 57.5 |
| 2001 | 65 182 | 28 118 | 43.1 | 37 064 | 56.9 |
| 2002 | 66 628 | 28 554 | 42.9 | 38 074 | 57.1 |
| 2003 | 67 965 | 29 130 | 42.9 | 38 835 | 57.1 |
| 2004 | 69 304 | 29 653 | 42.8 | 39 651 | 57.2 |
| 2005 | 70 653 | 30 187 | 42.7 | 40 466 | 57.3 |
| 2006 | 72 009 | 30 585 | 42.5 | 41 424 | 57.5 |
| 2007 | 73 644 | 31 720 | 43.1 | 41 924 | 56.9 |
| 2008 | 75 194 | 32 249 | 42.9 | 42 945 | 57.1 |
| 2009 | 76 925 | 33 083 | 43.0 | 43 842 | 57.0 |
| 2010 | 78 685 | 33 804 | 43.0 | 44 881 | 57.0 |
| 2011 | 80 530 | 34 489 | 42.8 | 46 041 | 57.2 |
| 2012 | 82 550 | 35 373 | 42.9 | 47 177 | 57.1 |
| 2013 | 84 629 | 36 213 | 42.8 | 48 416 | 57.2 |
| 2014 | 86 814 | 37 095 | 42.7 | 49 719 | 57.3 |
Population projections
The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) had released high/medium/low population projections for 2011–2031 based on Final Results of 2006 Population Census.[12] The 2020 high variant was 92.6 million, the medium – 91.0 million, the low – 90.0 million. The 2030 high variant is 104.4 million, the medium – 101.7 million, the low – 99.8 million. However the information could be misleading as the 2013 population figure of 84.6 million is higher than the projected high of 83 million. In fact, due to an unexpected rise in the fertility rate (from 3.0 to 3.5), the population already surpassed 91 million on 5 June 2016 while reaching 92 million on 30 November, average population age remaining stable despite a rising life expectancy.
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[13]
- One birth every 12 seconds
- One death every 52 seconds
- One net migrant every 13 minutes
- Net gain of one person every 17 seconds
| Midyear population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1934 | 15,449,000 | 651,663 | 429,851 | 221,812 | 42.2 | 27.8 | 14.4 | |
| 1935 | 15,624,000 | 645,760 | 412,197 | 233,563 | 41.3 | 26.4 | 14.9 | |
| 1936 | 15,801,000 | 698,186 | 455,832 | 242,354 | 44.2 | 28.8 | 15.3 | |
| 1937 | 16,009,000 | 694,086 | 434,208 | 259,878 | 43.4 | 27.1 | 16.2 | |
| 1938 | 16,300,000 | 704,376 | 429,248 | 275,128 | 43.2 | 26.3 | 16.9 | |
| 1939 | 16,598,000 | 696,746 | 429,033 | 267,713 | 42.0 | 25.8 | 16.1 | |
| 1940 | 16,900,000 | 697,700 | 444,448 | 253,252 | 41.3 | 26.3 | 15.0 | |
| 1941 | 17,208,000 | 695,016 | 440,981 | 254,035 | 40.4 | 25.6 | 14.8 | |
| 1942 | 17,522,000 | 658,324 | 494,358 | 163,966 | 37.6 | 28.2 | 9.4 | |
| 1943 | 17,842,000 | 689,771 | 492,644 | 197,127 | 38.7 | 27.6 | 11.0 | |
| 1944 | 18,167,000 | 722,166 | 472,234 | 249,932 | 39.8 | 26.0 | 13.8 | |
| 1945 | 18,498,000 | 787,502 | 512,003 | 275,499 | 42.6 | 27.7 | 14.9 | |
| 1946 | 18,835,000 | 776,000 | 484,000 | 292,000 | 41.2 | 25.7 | 15.5 | |
| 1947 | 19,197,000 | 834,557 | 408,577 | 425,980 | 43.5 | 21.3 | 22.2 | |
| 1948 | 19,529,000 | 832,728 | 397,976 | 434,752 | 42.6 | 20.4 | 22.3 | |
| 1949 | 19,989,000 | 831,310 | 410,524 | 420,786 | 41.6 | 20.5 | 21.1 | |
| 1950 | 21,514,000 | 904,941 | 388,944 | 515,997 | 44.2 | 19.0 | 25.2 | |
| 1951 | 22,020,000 | 934,584 | 402,158 | 532,426 | 44.6 | 19.2 | 25.4 | |
| 1952 | 22,562,000 | 969,443 | 380,633 | 588,810 | 45.2 | 17.8 | 27.5 | |
| 1953 | 23,138,000 | 934,830 | 429,097 | 505,733 | 42.6 | 19.6 | 23.0 | |
| 1954 | 23,747,000 | 957,158 | 401,306 | 555,852 | 42.6 | 17.9 | 24.7 | |
| 1955 | 24,387,000 | 926,500 | 405,663 | 520,837 | 40.3 | 17.6 | 22.7 | |
| 1956 | 25,057,000 | 958,880 | 384,974 | 573,906 | 40.7 | 16.4 | 24.4 | |
| 1957 | 25,756,000 | 914,494 | 429,512 | 484,982 | 38.0 | 17.8 | 20.1 | |
| 1958 | 26,480,000 | 1,013,743 | 409,197 | 604,546 | 41.1 | 16.6 | 24.5 | |
| 1959 | 27,228,000 | 1,078,947 | 411,188 | 667,759 | 42.8 | 16.3 | 26.5 | |
| 1960 | 27,998,000 | 1,113,888 | 437,822 | 676,066 | 43.0 | 16.9 | 26.1 | |
| 1961 | 28,786,000 | 1,166,620 | 420,158 | 746,462 | 43.9 | 15.8 | 28.1 | |
| 1962 | 29,591,000 | 1,125,798 | 486,699 | 639,099 | 41.3 | 17.9 | 23.4 | |
| 1963 | 30,410,000 | 1,196,388 | 431,673 | 764,715 | 42.8 | 15.4 | 27.4 | |
| 1964 | 31,242,000 | 1,205,785 | 449,375 | 756,410 | 42.1 | 15.7 | 26.4 | |
| 1965 | 32,084,000 | 1,220,658 | 411,636 | 809,022 | 41.5 | 14.0 | 27.5 | |
| 1966 | 32,937,000 | 1,234,976 | 477,021 | 757,955 | 41.0 | 15.8 | 25.1 | |
| 1967 | 33,799,000 | 1,210,214 | 440,161 | 770,053 | 39.2 | 14.2 | 24.9 | |
| 1968 | 34,660,000 | 1,206,585 | 509,430 | 697,155 | 38.1 | 16.1 | 22.0 | |
| 1969 | 35,511,000 | 1,197,245 | 468,017 | 729,228 | 36.8 | 14.4 | 22.4 | |
| 1970 | 36,342,000 | 1,161,539 | 500,626 | 660,913 | 34.9 | 15.0 | 19.8 | |
| 1971 | 37,152,000 | 1,186,350 | 445,192 | 741,158 | 34.8 | 13.1 | 21.8 | |
| 1972 | 37,945,000 | 1,187,286 | 499,628 | 687,658 | 34.1 | 14.3 | 19.7 | |
| 1973 | 38,734,000 | 1,259,004 | 459,816 | 799,188 | 35.3 | 12.9 | 22.4 | |
| 1974 | 39,534,000 | 1,287,614 | 457,620 | 829,994 | 35.4 | 12.6 | 22.8 | |
| 1975 | 40,359,000 | 1,331,799 | 456,041 | 875,758 | 36.0 | 12.3 | 23.7 | |
| 1976 | 41,213,000 | 1,378,917 | 444,228 | 934,689 | 36.4 | 11.7 | 24.7 | |
| 1977 | 42,094,000 | 1,447,402 | 457,558 | 989,844 | 37.3 | 11.8 | 25.5 | |
| 1978 | 43,006,000 | 1,479,698 | 415,605 | 1,064,093 | 37.2 | 10.5 | 26.8 | |
| 1979 | 43,951,000 | 1,633,674 | 444,753 | 1,188,921 | 40.0 | 10.9 | 29.1 | |
| 1980 | 44,932,000 | 1,569,247 | 421,227 | 1,148,020 | 37.3 | 10.0 | 27.3 | 5.3 |
| 1981 | 45,946,000 | 1,593,698 | 432,264 | 1,161,434 | 36.8 | 10.0 | 26.8 | |
| 1982 | 46,991,000 | 1,601,265 | 441,621 | 1,159,644 | 34.1 | 9.4 | 24.7 | |
| 1983 | 48,072,000 | 1,666,915 | 412,700 | 1,254,215 | 34.7 | 8.6 | 26.1 | |
| 1984 | 49,190,000 | 1,797,206 | 400,600 | 1,396,606 | 36.5 | 8.1 | 28.4 | 4.9 |
| 1985 | 50,347,000 | 1,903,022 | 442,258 | 1,460,764 | 37.8 | 8.8 | 29.0 | |
| 1986 | 51,545,000 | 1,907,975 | 455,888 | 1,452,087 | 37.0 | 8.8 | 28.2 | |
| 1987 | 52,777,000 | 1,902,604 | 466,161 | 1,436,443 | 36.0 | 8.8 | 27.2 | |
| 1988 | 54,011,000 | 1,912,765 | 427,018 | 1,485,747 | 35.4 | 7.9 | 27.5 | 4.4 |
| 1989 | 55,207,000 | 1,722,934 | 414,214 | 1,308,720 | 31.2 | 7.5 | 23.7 | |
| 1990 | 51,911,000 | 1,687,000 | 393,250 | 1,293,750 | 32.5 | 7.6 | 24.9 | |
| 1991 | 52,985,000 | 1,636,551 | 391,588 | 1,244,963 | 30.9 | 7.4 | 23.5 | 4.1 |
| 1992 | 54,082,000 | 1,496,866 | 382,465 | 1,114,401 | 27.7 | 7.1 | 20.6 | |
| 1993 | 55,201,000 | 1,600,549 | 380,000 | 1,220,549 | 29.0 | 6.9 | 22.1 | |
| 1994 | 56,344,000 | 1,610,652 | 385,296 | 1,225,356 | 28.6 | 6.8 | 21.7 | |
| 1995 | 57,642,000 | 1,604,835 | 384,548 | 1,220,287 | 27.8 | 6.7 | 21.2 | 3.6 |
| 1996 | 58,835,000 | 1,662,065 | 379,983 | 1,282,082 | 28.2 | 6.5 | 21.8 | |
| 1997 | 60,053,000 | 1,654,695 | 389,301 | 1,265,394 | 27.6 | 6.5 | 21.1 | 3.3 |
| 1998 | 61,296,000 | 1,687,252 | 399,772 | 1,287,480 | 27.5 | 6.5 | 21.0 | 3.4 |
| 1999 | 62,565,000 | 1,693,025 | 401,433 | 1,291,592 | 27.1 | 6.4 | 20.6 | |
| 2000 | 63,860,000 | 1,751,854 | 404,699 | 1,347,155 | 27.4 | 6.3 | 21.1 | 3.5 |
| 2001 | 65,182,000 | 1,741,308 | 404,531 | 1,336,777 | 26.7 | 6.2 | 20.5 | |
| 2002 | 66,628,000 | 1,766,589 | 424,034 | 1,342,555 | 26.5 | 6.4 | 20.2 | |
| 2003 | 67,965,000 | 1,777,418 | 440,149 | 1,337,269 | 26.2 | 6.5 | 19.7 | 3.2 |
| 2004 | 69,304,000 | 1,779,500 | 440,790 | 1,338,710 | 25.7 | 6.4 | 19.3 | |
| 2005 | 70,653,000 | 1,800,972 | 450,646 | 1,350,326 | 25.5 | 6.4 | 19.1 | 3.1 |
| 2006 | 72,009,000 | 1,853,746 | 451,863 | 1,401,883 | 25.7 | 6.3 | 19.5 | |
| 2007 | 74,828,000 | 1,949,569 | 450,596 | 1,498,973 | 26.5 | 6.1 | 20.4 | |
| 2008 | 76,651,000 | 2,050,704 | 461,934 | 1,588,770 | 27.4 | 5.9 | 21.5 | 3.0 |
| 2009 | 78,522,000 | 2,217,409 | 476,592 | 1,740,817 | 28.8 | 6.2 | 22.6 | |
| 2010 | 80,443,000 | 2,261,409 | 483,385 | 1,778,024 | 28.7 | 6.1 | 22.6 | |
| 2011 | 82,410,000 | 2,442,094 | 493,086 | 1,949,008 | 30.3 | 6.1 | 24.2 | |
| 2012 | 84,418,000 | 2,629,769 | 529,247 | 2,100,522 | 31.9 | 6.4 | 25.5 | |
| 2013 | 86,460,000 | 2,621,902 | 511,000 | 2,110,719 | 31.0 | 6.0 | 25.0 | |
| 2014 | 88,530,000 | 2,720,495 | 531,864 | 2,188,631 | 31.3 | 6.1 | 25.2 | 3.5 |
| 2015 | 90,624,000 | 2,685,276 | 573,129 | 2,123,102 | 30.2 | 6.5 | 23.7 | 3.4 |
| 2016 | 92,737,000 | 2,600,173 | 556,148 | 2,044,025 | 28.6 | 6.1 | 22.5 | 3.25 |
| 2017 | 95,203,000 | 2,557,400 | 547,200 | 1,971,115 | 26.8 | 5.6 | 21.2 | 3.12 |
| 2018 | 97,147,000 | 2,382,362 | 560,308 | 1,822,054 | 24.5 | 5.8 | 18.7 | 3.0 |
| 2019 | 98,902,000 | 2,304,800 | 570,600 | 1,734,200 | 23.3 | 5.8 | 17.5 | 2.9 |
| 2020 | 100,604,000 | 2,235,300 | 664,800 | 1,570,500 | 22.2 | 6.6 | 15.6 | 2.85 |
| 2021 | 102,061,000 | 2,184,605 | 741,900 | 1,442,705 | 21.4 | 7.3 | 14.1 | 2.77 |
| 2022 | 103,605,000 | 2,193,001 | 601,781 | 1,591,220 | 21.2 | 5.8 | 15.4 | 2.75(e) |
| 2023 | 104,450,000 | 2,044,000[17] | 581,000 | 1,463,000 | 19.4 | 5.5 | 13.9 | 2.58(e) |
Current vital statistics
| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 2023 | 189,200 | 53,600 | +135,600 |
| January 2024 | 176,500 | 55,000 | +121,500 |
| Difference |  -12,700 (-6.71%) |
 +1,400 (+2.61%) |
-14,100 |
Fertility rate (Demographic Health Survey)
Fertility rate (TFR) (wanted fertility rate) and CBR (crude birth rate):[19]
| Year | CBR (total) | TFR (total) | CBR (urban) | TFR (urban) | CBR (rural) | TFR (rural) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 29,7 | 3,93 (2,7) | 23,3 | 2,92 (2,0) | 35,0 | 4,91 (3,4) |
| 1995 | 28,0 | 3,63 (2,6) | 23,9 | 3,01 (2,2) | 31,4 | 4,19 (2,9) |
| 1997 | 3,3 | 2,7 | 3,7 | |||
| 1998 | 27 | 3,4 | 23 | 2,8 | 31 | 3,9 |
| 2000 | 27,8 | 3,53 (2,9) | 24,8 | 3,09 (2,6) | 30,1 | 3,88 (3,1) |
| 2003 | 26,3 | 3,2 (2,5) | 21,7 | 2,6 (2,1) | 29,8 | 3,6 (2,9) |
| 2005 | 27,1 | 3,1 (2,3) | 23,6 | 2,7 (2,1) | 29,6 | 3,4 (2,5) |
| 2008 | 26,6 | 3,0 (2,4) | 23,3 | 2,7 (2,2) | 29,1 | 3,2 (2,5) |
| 2014 | 29,1 | 3,5 (2,8) | 23,3 | 2,9 (2,4) | 32,7 | 3,8 (3,0) |
Life expectancy at birth
Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[20]
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950–1955 | 41.1 | 1985–1990 | 63.5 |
| 1955–1960 | 46.4 | 1990–1995 | 65.4 |
| 1960–1965 | 49.3 | 1995–2000 | 68.0 |
| 1965–1970 | 51.6 | 2000–2005 | 69.0 |
| 1970–1975 | 53.0 | 2005–2010 | 69.9 |
| 1975–1980 | 56.8 | 2010–2015 | 70.8 |
| 1980–1985 | 59.9 |
Urban and Rural Population of Governorates
Data taken from CAPMAS:[21]
| Governorate | % Urban | Population (2017) | Rural | Urban |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandria | 98.7 | 5,163,750 | 68,293 | 5,095,457 |
| Aswan | 41.1 | 1,473,975 | 868,820 | 605,155 |
| Asyut | 25.9 | 4,383,289 | 3,248,225 | 1,135,064 |
| Beheira | 18.2 | 6,171,613 | 5,050,630 | 1,120,983 |
| Beni Suef | 20.1 | 3,154,100 | 2,438,134 | 715,966 |
| Cairo | 100.0 | 9,539,673 | 0 | 9,539,673 |
| Dakahlia | 28.3 | 6,492,381 | 4,656,592 | 1,835,789 |
| Damietta | 39.4 | 1,496,765 | 907,542 | 589,223 |
| Faiyum | 23.0 | 3,596,954 | 2,768,329 | 828,625 |
| Gharbia | 28.1 | 4,999,633 | 3,594,336 | 1,405,297 |
| Giza | 61.1 | 8,632,021 | 3,365,818 | 5,266,203 |
| Ismailia | 44.5 | 1,303,993 | 724,046 | 579,947 |
| Kafr el-Sheikh | 23.9 | 3,362,185 | 2,557,058 | 805,127 |
| Luxor | 40.4 | 1,250,209 | 744,669 | 505,540 |
| Matruh | 62.7 | 425,624 | 158,546 | 267,078 |
| Minya | 18.0 | 5,497,095 | 4,507,931 | 989,164 |
| Monufia | 20.7 | 4,301,601 | 3,410,855 | 890,746 |
| New Valley | 46.0 | 241,247 | 130,253 | 110,994 |
| North Sinai | 62.9 | 450,328 | 167,217 | 283,111 |
| Port Said | 100.0 | 749,371 | 0 | 749,371 |
| Qalyubia | 42.7 | 5,627,420 | 3,224,929 | 2,402,491 |
| Qena | 18.8 | 3,164,281 | 2,569,795 | 594,486 |
| Red Sea | 96.5 | 359,888 | 12,516 | 347,372 |
| Sharqia | 24.9 | 7,163,824 | 5,422,698 | 1,741,126 |
| Sohag | 21.2 | 4,967,409 | 3,913,109 | 1,054,300 |
| South Sinai | 53.5 | 102,018 | 48,079 | 53,939 |
| Suez | 100.0 | 728,180 | 0 | 728,180 |
| Total | 42.2 | 94,798,827 | 54,558,420 | 40,240,407 |
Population density by governorate
As of 1 July 2014; data taken from CAPMAS:[21] Information for population is in thousands, pop density – persons/km2 and area is in km2.
| Governorate | Population in thousands | Pop. density (inhabited area) | Pop. density (total area) | % inhabited to total | Inhabited area | Total area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandria | 4,761 | 2,841.5 | 2,070.0 | 72.8 | 1,675.50 | 2,300.00 |
| Aswan | 1,412 | 13,477.1 | 22.5 | 0.2 | 104.77 | 62,726.00 |
| Asyut | 4,181 | 2,656.3 | 161.3 | 6.1 | 1,574.00 | 25,926.00 |
| Beheira | 5,720 | 806.3 | 582.1 | 72.2 | 7,093.84 | 9,826.00 |
| Beni Suef | 2,812 | 2,053.4 | 256.7 | 12.5 | 1,369.41 | 10,954.00 |
| Cairo | 9,184 | 48,235.3 | 2,976.8 | 6.2 | 190.40 | 3,085.12 |
| Dakahlia | 5,881 | 1,662.1 | 1,662.1 | 100.0 | 3,538.23 | 3,538.23 |
| Damietta | 1,316 | 1,968.7 | 1,445.7 | 73.4 | 668.47 | 910.26 |
| Faiyum | 3,118 | 1,680.0 | 513.8 | 30.6 | 1,856.00 | 6,068.00 |
| Gharbia | 4,698 | 2,418.7 | 2,418.7 | 100.0 | 1,942.34 | 1,942.34 |
| Giza | 7,487 | 6,286.3 | 567.9 | 9.0 | 1,191.00 | 13,184.00 |
| Ismailia | 1,162 | 229.3 | 229.3 | 100.0 | 5,066.97 | 5,066.97 |
| Kafr el-Sheikh | 3,132 | 903.5 | 903.5 | 100.0 | 3,466.69 | 3,466.69 |
| Luxor | 1,132 | 4,992.7 | 469.8 | 9.4 | 226.73 | 2,409.68 |
| Matruh | 437 | 111.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 3,921.40 | 166,563.00 |
| Minya | 5,076 | 2,104.8 | 157.3 | 7.5 | 2,411.65 | 32,279.00 |
| Monufia | 3,890 | 1,596.9 | 1,556.6 | 97.5 | 2,435.93 | 2,499.00 |
| New Valley | 222 | 205.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1,082.24 | 440,098.00 |
| North Sinai | 428 | 203.7 | 14.8 | 7.2 | 2,100.84 | 28,992.00 |
| Port Said | 660 | 499.7 | 490.7 | 98.2 | 1,320.68 | 1,344.96 |
| Qalyubia | 5,044 | 4,702.1 | 4,486.4 | 95.4 | 1,072.72 | 1,124.28 |
| Qena | 3,001 | 1,724.1 | 277.9 | 16.1 | 1,740.63 | 10,798.00 |
| Red Sea | 341 | 4,794.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 71.13 | 119,099.13 |
| Sharqia | 6,402 | 1,343.7 | 1,303.6 | 97.0 | 4,764.28 | 4,911.00 |
| Sohag | 4,536 | 2,845.8 | 411.5 | 14.5 | 1,593.92 | 11,022.00 |
| South Sinai | 166 | 9.9 | 5.3 | 53.7 | 16,791.00 | 31,272.00 |
| Suez | 615 | 68.3 | 68.3 | 100.0 | 9,002.21 | 9,002.21 |
| Total | 86,814 | 1109.1 | 85.9 | 7.8 | 78272.98 | 1010407.87 |
The CIA World Factbook lists Egyptians as 99.7%, and "other" as 0.3% (2006 census).[22] "Other" refers to people who are not citizens of Egypt, who come to Egypt to work for international companies, diplomats, etc.
The vast majority of the population of Egypt consists of Egyptians including Copts, Egyptians make up 95% of the population.[22] The vast majority of Egyptians are native speakers of Egyptian Arabic.
Minorities in Egypt include the Berber-speaking community of the Siwa Oasis (Siwis) and the Nubian people clustered along the Nile in the southernmost part of Egypt. There are also sizable minorities of Beja and Dom. There are also refugees mainly composed of Sudanese, and the over all refugees are estimated to be around 3–5 million,[23] those from war-zone areas like Iraq, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Eritrea.[23]
The country was also host to many different communities during the European occupation period, including Greeks, Italians, and also from war-torn areas; the Lebanese, Syro-Lebanese, and other minority groups like Jews, Armenians, Turks and Albanians, though most either left or were compelled to leave after political developments in the 1950s. The country still hosts some 90,000 refugees and asylum seekers, mostly Palestinians and Sudanese.
Other sources[citation needed] give more detailed statistics, including the Beja[24](ca. 1 million), the Nubians (ca. 300,000 in 1996), Dom (ca. 230,000 in 1996), Berbers (Siwis) (ca. 5,000).
Arabic is the official language of Egypt, with the vast majority of Egyptians speaking Egyptian Arabic. In The Upper Nile valley, Sa'idi Arabic is prevalent. The Coptic language is used in the Coptic church for the majority of prayers, hymns, masses, and meditations. English is widely understood. Siwa language is used in ethnic Berber tribal areas in the western desert (Siwa), and Nubian language is widely used among the ethnic Nubians in the southern areas.
According to the CIA World Factbook, 90% of the population is Muslim and 10% is Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican).[lower-alpha 1]
- Muslim 90%[22] (mostly Sunni)
- Christianity 10%[lower-alpha 1]
- Baháʼí: fewer than 2,000 individuals (< 0.003%)
- Judaism: fewer than 500 individuals[31]
Egyptians have a long history of mobility, primarily across the Arab world, but emigration became much more popular once it was recognised as a right in the 1971 Constitution.[32] According to the International Organization for Migration, an estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad and contribute actively to the development of their country through remittances (US$7.8 billion in 2009), circulation of human and social capital, as well as investment. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan, 190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% are living mostly North America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada) and Europe (90,000 in Italy).[33]
Y-Chromosome
Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in Egypt.[34]
| Haplogroup | n | A | B | E1a | E1b1a | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1b | E1b1b1a2 | E1b1b1a3 | E1b1b1a4 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1c | F | G | I | J1 | J2 | K | L | O | P, R | Q | R1a | R1b1a | R1b1b | R2 | T |
| Marker | M33 | M2 | M35 | M78 | V12 | V32 | V13 | V22 | V65 | M81 | M34 | M89 | M201 | V88 | M269 | M70 | |||||||||||||
| Egypt | 370 | 1.35 | – | 0.54 | 2.43 | 3.24 | 0.81 | 7.03 | 1.62 | 0.81 | 9.19 | 2.43 | 11.89 | 6.76 | 1.08 | 5.68 | 0.54 | 20.81 | 6.75 | 0.27 | 0.81 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 2.16 | 2.97 | 2.97 | 0.54 | 6.22 |
- In 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts."[26] In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt.[27] In 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15–18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population."[28] In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the Egyptian population.[29] The CIA World Factbook reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).[22]
- "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء". www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- "Egypt Facts". National Geographic.
- "population clock". Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics.
- "The long-term economic challenges Egypt must overcome". Marketplace. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Population Clock: World". www.census.gov. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Archived 21 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Population 1971–2008 (pdf Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine pages 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 p. 57)
- "Population in Censuses by Sex & Sex Ratio (1882–2006)" (PDF). Egypt State Information Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
- "Publication Name:Population". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- "Demographic and Health Survey 2014" (PDF). DHS. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- "Statistical Yearbook – Population". 20 May 2015.
- "Egypt Population 2012", World Population Review
- "Demographic Yearbook 2019". United Nations.
- "Unknown". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
- "Births and Deaths Statement". CAPMAS. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- "Egypt in Figures 2017". CAPMAS. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- "Egypt". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 December 2021.
- "Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt?". brookings.edu. 4 October 2016.
- International Religious Freedom Report for 2014 US Department of State
- Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness, Wall Street Journal (April 29, 2017).
- Noha Elhennawy, Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws, Associated Press (November 15, 2019).
- "Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians". Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2015.
- "Egyptian Coptic protesters freed". BBC News. 22 December 2004.
- "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Egypt". 15 September 2006.
- "International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Egypt". 14 September 2007.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019). The Politics of Migration in Modern Egypt: Strategies for Regime Survival in Autocracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108475549. OCLC 1080638597.
- "IOM Migration and Development in Egypt Facts and Figures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, et al. (2013) Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)- This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
- Demographics of ancient Egypt
