Demographics_of_Turkey

Demographics of Turkey

Demographics of Turkey

Add article description

Demographic features of the population of Turkey include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Quick Facts Turkey, Population ...

As of 31 December 2023, the population of Turkey was 85.3 million with a growth rate of 0.11% per annum.[3] Turks are the largest ethnic group.

By ethnicity Turks (70-75%), Kurds (19%), other (6-11% including Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Chechens, Georgians, Romani, Laz people and others) (2016 estimate)

The population has been aging in recent years, with just 21.4% falling in the 0–14 age bracket (down from 26.4% in 2007).[4] The population over the age of 65 is 10.2% (up from 7.1% in 2007). As of 2023, the median age of the Turkish population is 34 years (up from 28.3 in 2007).[5] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.[6]

Population

Historical population

Historical population of Turkey
More information Year, Pop. ...

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth in Turkey since 1937
Life expectancy in Turkey by gender since 1960
Life expectancy in Turkish provinces in 2018-20
More information Period, Life expectancy in Years ...

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2019, life expectancy was 78.3 years for the total population, 75.6 years for men and 81.0 years for women.[10]

Urbanization

Istanbul experienced a rapid population growth (The gray areas are buildings)

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • Urban population: 75.1% of total population (2018)
  • Rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Median age

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • Total population: 32.4 years
  • Male: 31.7 years
  • Female: 33.1 years (2019 est.)[12]

Sex ratio

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15–24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  • 25–54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  • 55–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
  • Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Literacy

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11] Defined as people age 15 and over who can read and write, 2016 est.

  • Total population: 96.2%
  • Male: 98.8%
  • Female: 93.6%

2022 official estimates:[13]

  • Total population: 97.6%
  • Male: 99.3%
  • Female: 95.9%

Vital statistics

UN estimates

The figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:[14]

More information Period, Live births per year ...

Registered births and deaths

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available on-line.[15] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.[16]

In 2010 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 17.2 per 1000, in 2011 16.7, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2010 was 2.05 children per woman, in 2011 2.02. The crude birth rate in 2010 ranged from 11.5 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.52) (11,5;1.55 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 27.9 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 3.53) (27.1;3,42 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2012, the TFR ranged from 1.43 in Kırklareli, to 4.39 in Şanlıurfa.[17] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

More information Population (31.12.), Live births ...

Birth and death rate by region and year

More information Region, Population (2022) ...
More information Region, Population (2022) ...
Birth and Death Rate by Region and Year

Total births and deaths by region and year

More information Region, Population (2022) ...
More information Region, Population (2022) ...
Absolute Births and Deaths by Region and Year

Natural increase by region and year

More information Region, Population (2022) ...
Natural Increase by Region and Year

Historical fertility rate

More information Year, CBR (Total) ...
More information South-East, East ...
Total Fertility Rate

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[18]

Total fertility rate by region in Turkey by Turkish General Census (GNS) and Turkish population and health research (TNSA).[19]

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

More information Province, Population (2022) ...
Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):[20]

Turkey total fertility rate by province (2022)[20]
  3–4
  2–3
  1.5 – 2
  1 – 1.5
Total fertility rate by province 1980[20]
  5–6
  4–5
  3–4
  2–3
  1.5 – 2
  1 – 1.5
Total fertility rate by province (2013)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2014)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2015)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2019)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2020)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2021)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2022)[20]
Total fertility rate development by province 2009–2015[20]
  > 12%
  8 to 12%
  4 to 8%
  0 to 4%
  -4 to 0%
  -8 to −4%
  -12 to −8%
  < -12%

Structure of the population

More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age group, Male ...
More information Age Group, Male ...
More information Age Group, Male ...
More information Age Group, Male ...
More information Age Group, Male ...
Structure of the population

Structure of the population (31.XII.2015) (Data based on Address Based Population Registration System.):[22][23][24]

Structure of the population (31.XII.2016):

Structure of the population (31.XII.2017):

Structure of the population (31.XII.2018):

Structure of the population (31.XII.2019):

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2020):[25]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2021):[25]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2022):[25]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2023):[25]

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Turkey

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

As of August 2023, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3,307,882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205,894 people since the beginning of the year.[26] In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[27]

In order to obtain Turkish citizenship there is a range of legal grounds, which can include: reunification with their family, marriage to a Turkish citizen, for the purchase of real estate worth $400,000 from a Turkish citizen or company.[28] The minimum investment amount was increased in May 2022, previously it was enough to invest $250,000. Also the basis is to work in Turkey, training, business, medical treatment, refugee status.

In 2023 the foreign population of Türkiye decreased by 253,293 down to 1,570,543.[29]

Population in Turkey by country of citizenship by the end of each years:[25]

More information Country ...

Internal migration

More information Regions, İstanbul ...

Ethnicity

Main article: Minorities in Turkey

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only based on religious affiliation, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians/Syriacs of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.[31][32][33][34] Provisions of the Lausanne Treaty were extended to Bulgarians in Turkey by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925.[33][35][36][37] According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), as of 2008, there were 89,000 Turkish citizens belonging to one of the three recognized minorities, two thirds of Armenian descent.[38] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,[39] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.[40][41]

There are many reports from sources such as (Human Rights Watch, European Parliament, European Commission, national parliaments in EU member states, Amnesty International etc.) on persistent yet declining discrimination.[citation needed]

Certain current trends are:

  • Turkish imams get salaries from the state, whereas Turkish Alevi as well as non-Orthodox and non-Armenian clerics are not paid.[citation needed]
  • Imams can be trained freely at the numerous religious schools and theology departments of universities throughout the country; minority religions cannot re-open schools for training of their local clerics due to legislation and international treaties dating back to the end of Turkish War of Independence. The closing of the Theological School of Halki is a sore bone of contention between Turkey and the Eastern Orthodox world;[citation needed]
  • Turkey has recently engaged in promulgating a series of legal enactments aiming at removal of the procedural hurdles before the use of several local languages spoken by Turkish citizens such as Kurdish (Kurmanji), Arabic and Zaza as medium of public communication, together with several other smaller ethnic group languages. A few private Kurdish teaching centers have recently been allowed to open. Kurdish-language TV broadcasts on 24/7 basis at the public frequency denominated in the government-owned TRT 6, while the private national channels show no interest yet. However, there are already several satellite Kurdish TV stations operating from Kurdish Autonomous Region at Northern Iraq and Western Europe, broadcasting in Kurdish, Turkish and Neo-Aramaic languages, Kurdistan TV, KurdSAT, etc.;[citation needed]
  • Non-Muslim minority numbers are said to be falling rapidly, mainly as a result of aging, migration (to Israel, Greece, the United States and Western Europe).[citation needed]
  • There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki school. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[42]

Languages

See also: Minorities in Turkey, Turkic peoples, and Iranian peoples
Main articles: Languages of Turkey and Ethnic groups in Turkey

No exact data is available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others.

More information Language, Census 1935 ...

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[45]

A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[46]

  1. Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs
  2. Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,[47] Megleno-Romanians,[48] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
  3. Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians/Syriacs
  4. Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70–75% of Turkey's population consists of ethnic Turks, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 6 and 11%.[49] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000–1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians/Syriacs, 20,000 Jews, and 15,000 Greeks, 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[50]

According to a survey published in 2022 by Konda Research, Turks make up 77% of the population, while 19% self-identify as Kurd. Arabs (Syrian refugees excluded) make up 2%, and other ethnic groups are 2% of the population.[51]

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[52]

According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[53][54][48]

More information People, Population ...

Religion

Further information: Religion in Turkey
See also: Freedom of religion in Turkey

Religious affiliation

More information Year, Muslims ...

The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% percent in 1927.[55] The drop was the result of the late Ottoman genocides, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey[56] and the emigration of Christians.[57] The 1942 Wealth Tax on non-Muslims, the emigration of many of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom further contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the government, 99.8% of the Turkish population is Muslim, mostly Sunni, some 8 million are Alevis.[58] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.[11] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[59]

In a poll conducted by Sabancı University in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[60] A Eurobarometer Poll in 2005 reported that in a poll 98% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while 1% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[61] In a Pew Research Center survey, 53% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[62] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[63][64] According to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wear the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[65][66][67]

A poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA and some other research institutes in 2013 showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion. Another poll conducted by the same institutions in 2018 showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[68][69]

According to Ipsos survey,[70] in 2016 Islam was the major religion in Turkey comprising 82% of the total population, followed by religiously unaffiliated people, comprising 13% of the population, and Christians, forming 0.2%.

Religiosity

The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007:[71][58][72]

  • 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In 2018 KONDA released a new study :[73][74]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old :[75]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "TURKSTAT Corporate". data.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  2. [2]
    "TurkStat".
  3. [3]
    "TURKSTAT Corporate". data.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  4. [4]
    "TÜİK Kurumsal".
  5. [5]
    "TÜİK Kurumsal".
  6. [6]
    CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population 1971–2008 (pdf Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine pages 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010, p. 57.
  7. [7]
    "Population Statistics And Projections". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  8. [8]
    "Census of Population; Social and Economic Characteristics of Population, Turkey". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  9. [9]
    "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  10. [10]
    "Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus arttı". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 18 March 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  11. [11]
    "CIA World Factbook". CIA. 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  12. [12]
    "Türkiye'nin nüfusu (2020) belli oldu". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 2 April 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  13. [13]
    "Nüfus İstatistikleri Portalı". nip.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  14. [14]
    "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". Esa.un.org. 8 October 2018.
  15. [15]
    "::Welcome to Turkish Statistical Institute(TurkStat)'s Web Pages". TurkStat. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  16. [16]
    "Turkish Statistical Institute". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  17. [17]
    Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (31 August 2012). "Turkish Statistical Institute Birth Statistics 2012". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  18. [18]
    "The DHS Program – Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs". Dhsprogram.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  19. [19]
    "Spatial Distribution of Total Fertility Rate in Turkey" (PDF). Ankara University. 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  20. [20]
    "TurkStat". TurkStat. 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  21. [21]
    "İllerin aldığı, verdiği göç, net göç ve net göç hızı, 1980–2018". Turk.gov.ty. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  22. [22]
    (TurkStat), Turkish Statistical Institute. "Turkish Statistical Institute The Results of Address Based Population Registration System 2015". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  23. [23]
    "İllerin aldığı, verdiği göç, net göç ve net göç hızı, 1980–2016". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  24. [24]
    "Yaş grubu ve cinsiyete göre il/ilçe merkezi ve belde/köy nüfusu, 2007–2016". Turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  25. [25]
    "TÜİK Kurumsal".
  26. [26]
    "Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association". multeciler.org.tr.
  27. [27]
    Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023). "Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
  28. [28]
    "Условия приобретения гражданства Турции". Гражданство Турции. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  29. [29]
    "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023".
  30. [30]
    TurkStat
  31. [31]
    Kaya, Nurcan (24 November 2015). "Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 12 (1): 315–338. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. ISSN 2211-6117. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
  32. [32]
    Toktas, Sule (2006). "EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities". East European Quarterly. 40: 489–519. ISSN 0012-8449. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
  33. [33]
    Bayır, Derya (2013). Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural diversity and law. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 88–90, 203–204. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been de jure protected by the legal system in Turkey.
  34. [34]
    Phillips, Thomas James (16 December 2020). "The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 27 (1): 66–93. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. ISSN 1385-4879. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".
  35. [35]
    Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). "The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 697–720. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 25655744.
  36. [36]
    Köksal, Yonca (2006). "Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 6 (4): 501–521. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. ISSN 1468-3857.
  37. [37]
    Özlem, Kader (2019). "An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey". Turan-Sam. 11 (43): 387–393. ISSN 1308-8041.
  38. [38]
    "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
  39. [39]
    Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). "For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10134. ISSN 1385-4879.
  40. [40]
    Sabah, Daily (26 August 2019). "Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  41. [41]
    "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  42. [42]
    "Fener Rum Patrikhanesinin "ekümeniklik" İddiasına İlişkin Basın Açıklamamız". www.fatih.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  43. [43]
    http://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015557.pdf
  44. [44]
    "UN Demographic Yearbooks". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  45. [45]
    American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"". Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  46. [46]
    Andrews, Peter A. Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey., Beiheft Nr. B 60, Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Wiesbaden: Reichert Publications, 1989, ISBN 3-89500-297-6; + 2nd enlarged edition in 2 vols., 2002, ISBN 3-89500-229-1
  47. [47]
    "A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey" (PDF). www.avrupa.info.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011.
  48. [48]
    Kahl, Thede (2006). "The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers. 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1080/00905990500504871. S2CID 161615853.
  49. [49]
    Turkey. The World Factbook. CIA
  50. [50]
    "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  51. [51]
    "TR100". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  52. [52]
    Kurdish Life in Contemporary Turkey: Migration, Gender and Ethnic Identity, Anna Grabolle Celiker, page 160, I.B.Tauris, 2013
  53. [53]
    "Turkey". Ethnologue.
  54. [54]
    "Turquie: situation générale". Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  55. [55]
    İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. S2CID 143541451. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  56. [56]
    Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition (PDF), Nikolaos Andriotis, 2008
  57. [57]
    Quarterly, Middle East (2001). "'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" (PDF). Middle East Quarterly. Editors' Introduction. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  58. [58]
    Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7007-1606-8.
  59. [59]
    "e-Devlet'te yeni hizmet: Din değişikliği yapılabilecek". A3 Haber (in Turkish). 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  60. [60]
    "Ankette Mezhep Soruları". archive.vn. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  61. [61]
    "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  62. [62]
    Wike, Richard; Juliana Menasce Horowitz (26 July 2006). "Lebanon's Muslims: Relatively Secular and Pro-Christian". Pew Global Attitudes Project.
  63. [63]
    "2009 Gallup poll Gallup Poll". Gallup.com. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  64. [64]
    Gallup World View Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  65. [65]
    Lamb, Christina (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". The Times. London.
  66. [66]
    Lamb, Christina (6 May 2007). "Headscarf war threatens to split Turkey". Times Online. London.
  67. [67]
    Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". Salon.com. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
  68. [68]
    "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  69. [69]
    tr:Türkiye demografisi#N.C3.BCfus Piramidi[circular reference]
  70. [70]
    "Religion, Ipsos Global Trends". Ipsos. 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  71. [71]
    KONDA Research and Consultancy (8 September 2007). "Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" (PDF). Milliyet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
  72. [72]
    Religious Freedom Report U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2009-09-15.
  73. [73]
    "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  74. [74]
    "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  75. [75]
    "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Gençlerde Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

Notes

  1. All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Turkey.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Demographics_of_Turkey, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.