Demographics_of_Vancouver

Demographics of Metro Vancouver

Demographics of Metro Vancouver

Add article description

The demographics of Metro Vancouver indicate a multicultural and multiracial region. Metro Vancouver is a metropolitan area, with its major urban centre being Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Vancouver census metropolitan area, as defined by Statistics Canada, encompasses roughly the same territory as the Metro Vancouver Regional District, a regional district in British Columbia. The regional district includes 23 local authorities. Figures provided here are for the Vancouver census metropolitan area and not for the City of Vancouver.

Population growth

The following table shows the development of the number of inhabitants according to census data of Statistics Canada. The former municipalities of Point Grey and South Vancouver are not included in the data prior to 1931.[1][lower-alpha 1]

More information Year, Pop. ...

Population by municipality

The Metro Vancouver Regional District comprises 23 member authorities — 21 municipalities, one electoral area, and one treaty First Nation.[3]

More information Member, Census subdivision ...

Ethnic diversity

The demographics of Metro Vancouver reveal a multi-ethnic society. There remains a small population, less than 2%, of Aboriginal peoples, who according to archeological and historical records, have inhabited this region for more than 3,000 years.[citation needed]

From the time of the region's first non-indigenous settlement in the second half of the 19th century, people from Britain and Ireland were the largest group of immigrants and, collectively, remain the largest ethnic grouping in Vancouver to this day. The largest non British or Irish ethnic groups situated in Vancouver include Chinese, Indians and Germans.

The metropolitan area has one of the most diverse Chinese-speaking communities with several varieties of Chinese being represented. Metro Vancouver contains the second-largest Chinatown in North America (after San Francisco's), and many multicultural neighbourhoods such as the Punjabi Market, Greektown, and Japantown. Commercial Drive, the core of the historic Little Italy, which is also the main Portuguese area, has become an alternative-culture focus, though traditional Italian and Portuguese and other establishments and residents remain in the area. Bilingual street signs can be seen in Chinatown and the Punjabi Market, and commercial signs in a wide array of languages can be seen all over the metropolitan area.

Metro Vancouver

More information Ethnic origin, Population (2016) ...


More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...

Visible minorities

In the city of Vancouver and four adjacent municipalities (Surrey, Burnaby, Richmond, and Coquitlam), there is no visible majority. Hence, the term visible minority is used here in contrast to the overall Canadian population which remains predominantly of European descent. In Metro Vancouver, at the 2021 census, 54.5% of the population were members of non-European ethnic groups, 43.1% were members of European ethnic groups, and 2.4% of the population identified as Indigenous.

Greater Vancouver has more interracial couples than Canada's two largest cities, Toronto and Montreal. In 2011, 9.6% of married and common-law couples in Greater Vancouver are interracial; double the Canadian average of 4.6%,[20] and higher than in the Toronto CMA (8.2%) and the Greater Montreal (5.2%). Vancouver has less residential segregation of its ethnic minorities compared to Canadian cities like Montreal.[21] However, residential segregation in Greater Vancouver continues to persist in certain parts of the metropolitan area.

More information Population group, Pop. ...

Municipalities

More information Municipality, Total population ...
More information Panethnic group, 1971: 74 : 129 ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...
More information Panethnic group, Pop. ...

Federal electoral districts

More information Riding, Total population ...

Ethnic groups

Indigenous peoples

As of around 2009, 3% of residents of Vancouver state that they have at least some ancestry from the First Nations, and of that 3%, over half state that they also have non-First Nations ancestry. A person with some First Nations ancestry may not necessarily identify as someone who is First Nations.[121]

There is a small community of aboriginal people in Vancouver as well as in the surrounding metropolitan region, with the result that Vancouver constitutes the largest native community in the province, albeit an unincorporated one (i.e. not as a band government).[citation needed] There is an equally large or larger Métis contingent.

Indigenous peoples, who make up less than two percent of the city's population, are not considered a visible minority group by Statistics Canada.

More information Indigenous Population in Vancouver ...

Europeans

British Isles

Much of the ethnic white population consists of persons whose origins go back to Britain or Ireland and, until recently, British Columbians with British or Irish ancestry most likely came directly from those islands, rather than via Ontario or the Maritime Provinces. Until the 1960s, it was easier to purchase the Times of London and The Guardian in Vancouver than it was to find the Toronto Globe and Mail or Montreal Gazette.

Continental Europeans

Other large and historically important European ethnic groups consist of Germans, Dutch, French (of both European and Canadian origin), Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Finns, Italians, Croats, Hungarians, Greeks, and lately numerous Romanians, Russians, Portuguese, Serbs and Poles. Non-visible minorities such as newly arrived Eastern Europeans and the new wave of Latin Americans are also a feature of the city's ethnic landscape. Prior to the Hong Kong influx of the 1980s, the largest non-British Isles ethnic group in the city was German, followed by Ukrainian and the Scandinavian ethnicities. Most of these earlier East European immigrant are fully assimilated or intermarried with other groups, although a new generation of East Europeans form a distinct linguistic and social community.

East Asians

Chinese
Main article: Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver

The first Chinese immigrants to British Columbia were men who came to "the British Colonies of Canada," as they called British Columbia, for the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858 and a decade later to work on building the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Koreans
Main article: Korean Canadians

As of 2014, there are about 70,000 ethnic Koreans in the Vancouver area.[124]

An H-Mart and several Korean restaurants are located on Robson Street.[125] As of 2008, there are many Korean national students at the university and primary/secondary levels studying English.[126] Other areas with Korean businesses include Kingsway in Vancouver, Burnaby, and New Westminster; other areas in Vancouver; North Road in Burnaby and Coquitlam, and areas of Port Coquitlam.[127] As of 2011, Coquitlam is a popular area of settlement for Koreans.[128]

Rimhak Ree (Yi Yimhak) came to Vancouver to study mathematics at the University of British Columbia in 1953, making him the first known ethnic Korean to live in the city.[129] There were about 50 ethnic Koreans in Vancouver in the mid-1960s. The first Korean United Church congregation in the city opened in 1965. Numbers of Korean immigration to Canada increased due to more permissive immigration laws established in the 1960s as well as the home country's political conflict and poverty. There were 1,670 ethnic Koreans in Vancouver by 1975, making up 16% of all ethnic Koreans in Canada and a 3000% increase from the mid-1960s population.[130] Korean immigration to Canada decreased after a more restrictive immigration law was enacted in 1978.[131]

Christianity is a popular religion among ethnic Koreans. About 200 Korean churches are in the Vancouver area.[124]

In 1986 Greater Vancouver had fewer than 5,000 ethnic Koreans. In 1991 the number had increased to 8,330. The number of ethnic Koreans in the Vancouver area increased by 69% in the period 1996 through 2001.[132] The number of university students from Korea choosing to study in Vancouver had become most of the Korean students studying in Canada by the late 1990s.[126] The first Korean grocery store in the North Road area opened in 2000.[127] In 2001 28,850 ethnic Koreans live in Greater Vancouver, and this increased to 44,825 according to the 2006 census.[132]

Canwest Global does a co-venture with the Canada Express, a Korean publication, to serve ethnic Koreans. It previously published a Korean edition of the Vancouver Sun but later stopped. Daniel Ahadi and Catherine A. Murray, authors of "Urban Mediascapes and Multicultural Flows: Assessing Vancouver's Communication Infrastructure," wrote that the Korean edition of the Vancouver Sun was "error-fraught".[133]

South Asians

Main article: South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver
Punjabis

Punjabi immigrants first arrived in Vancouver during the late 19th century.[134] Most ethnic South Asians in the Lower Mainland are Punjabi Sikhs. Surrey has the largest ethnic South Asian population in Metro Vancouver, at 32.4%. The Newton neighbourhood in Surrey contains the highest percentage of ethnic Indians in a neighbourhood in Metro Vancouver.[135]

Other Asians

Other significant Asian ethnic groups in Vancouver are Vietnamese, Filipino, Cambodian and Japanese. In Vancouver the term 'Asian' is normally used to refer only to East Asian and Southeast Asian peoples, while South Asians are usually referred to as Indo-Canadian or East Indians. Technically, though, the term 'Asian' may refer to either group, and also to the large Persian and other Middle Eastern populations as well as elements from Central Asia.

Future projections

More information Population, % ...

Language

Knowledge of languages

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 1,000 respondents.

More information Language, Pop. ...

Mother tongue

The following figures come from the 2021 census profile for Vancouver, the census metropolitan area.[141]

More information Identified languages with 10,000+ speakers, Population ...

Notes:

  • The figures for Cantonese, Mandarin and Minnan do not include 1,125 speakers of "Chinese (not otherwise specified)", some of whom may speak Cantonese, Mandarin or Minnan. The total number of speakers of all varieties of Chinese is 393,030 (15.0% of the population).
  • For the separate figures of Hindi and Urdu, see Hindi–Urdu controversy.
  • The number of native speakers of both English and French only is 8,240, and with a non-official language too, 2,190. This means the self-identified mother-tongue speakers of both official languages amount to 10,430 (0.4% of the population).
  • The 2021 census identified 1,800 individuals who had knowledge of an indigenous language of Canada.

Religion

Religion in Metro Vancouver (2021)

  Irreligious (47.1%)
  Christian (33.1%)
  Sikh (8.5%)
  Muslim (4.2%)
  Buddhist (2.7%)
  Hindu (2.6%)
  Jewish (0.8%)
  Other faiths (1.0%)

Vancouver, like the rest of British Columbia, has a low rate of church attendance compared with the rest of the continent and the majority of the population does not practice religion.[142][143] As of the 2021 Canadian census, 33.1 percent of Greater Vancouver is Christian, the largest percentage of any religion. 13.7 percent are Catholic, 8.7 percent are Christians of unspecified denomination, 7.2 percent are Protestant, 1.4 percent are Christian Orthodox, and 2.2 percent are other Christian or Christian-related traditions. Greater Vancouver has a notable Sikh (8.5 percent) and Buddhist (2.7 percent) population, mostly adherents of South Asian and East Asian ancestry.[144] There is also a significant minority of Muslim residents (4.2 percent).

More information Religious group, Pop. ...

Immigration

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 1,089,185 persons or 41.8 percent of the total population of Metro Vancouver.[152]

More information Country of birth, 1981: 217–218 ...

Recent immigration

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 154,820 people who immigrated to Metro Vancouver between 2016 and 2021.[152]

More information Country of birth, Population ...

Homelessness

Main article: Homelessness in Vancouver

The 2011 Metro Vancouver Homeless Count revealed that there were at least 2,650 people found to be homeless in Metro Vancouver.[167] This particular homeless count is and continues to be conducted once every three years, taking place over a brief 24-hour period. The report published on these results stated, "It is important to note that all Homeless Counts are inherently undercounts and that the 2011 Metro Vancouver Count was no exception."[167] Nonetheless, these counts can be used as indicators to determine homelessness trends within Metro Vancouver. Between 2002 and 2005, "the count revealed that homelessness in the region nearly doubled from 1121 to 2174 persons".[168] From 2005 to 2008, the count revealed a much smaller increase in homelessness, from 2174 to 2660 persons. Thus, the count conducted in 2011 implies that the homeless population has remained relatively stable between 2008 and 2011.

Of the homeless people surveyed in 2011, "71% were sheltered in either an emergency shelter, safe house, transition house or temporary facility such as a hospital, jail or detoxification centre...while 29% slept in outdoor locations or at someone else's place".[167] 74 of the 2,650 homeless persons counted were children – those under the age of 19 – who accompanied a parent who was also homeless. Furthermore, of the homeless youth surveyed, 102 individuals were under the age of 19, 221 between the ages of 19 and 24, and 74 whose ages could not be identified, for a total of 397 homeless. Adults constituted the largest cohort of homeless in Metro Vancouver with 275 individuals between the ages of 25 and 34, 328 between the ages of 35 and 44, and 397 between the ages of 45 and 54, for a total of 1,000 homeless. Lastly, seniors – those above the age of 55 – constituted 268 homeless people. Of the 2,650 people identified in the count, ages for 985 people could not be provided.

Homelessness doesn't occur suddenly, rather it is a progression wherein an individual becomes part of the group of 'at risk' individuals, remains in this group for some time, and then, finally, becomes homeless due to economic hardships and social dislocation.[169] "Contemporary definitions split homelessness into two broad groups: 'absolute' homelessness, which refers to persons or households literally without physical shelter, and 'relative' homelessness, which includes a range of housing situations characterized as being at-risk of homelessness."[168] Indeed, being classified as at-risk of homelessness does not imply that an individual or household will become homeless in the future, only that various pre-conditions exist that may lead to this.[170] These pre-conditions include, but are not restricted to the following: people living in SROs (Single Room Occupancy), people living in rooming houses, and people paying more than 50% of their net income towards housing costs.[169] "Two-thirds of responses from homeless individuals enumerated in a recent homeless count in Greater Vancouver cited economic reasons for their being homeless – with lack of income and cost of housing accounting for 44% and 22% of responses respectively."[170]

Housing affordability has and continues to be the top priority housing issue Vancouverites must resolve. In 1996, a study published by BC Housing revealed that 25% of renter households in Vancouver pay 50% or more of their incomes to rent.[169] The core housing need model, developed by the CMHC, uses a threshold of households spending at least 30% of their income on shelter costs to illuminate households experiencing acute housing affordability needs. "Moving from the 30% shelter cost-to-income ratio (STIR) used in the core housing need model, to a 50% threshold, typically reduces the number of households identified by more than half."[168] In 2001, Statistics Canada published a study using both the 30% and 50% thresholds to identify renters and homeowners facing unaffordable housing costs in Metro Vancouver. This study revealed that 8.1% of homeowners and 27.8% of renters exceeded the 30% threshold, while 4.0% of homeowners and 10.8% of renters exceeded the 50% threshold. More in depth still, this study also found that 18.5% of immigrants living in Vancouver exceeded the 30% threshold and 8.0% exceed the 50% threshold. Only 11.3% and 4.8% of Canadian born households exceeded the 30% and 50% thresholds, respectively.

Heather Smith and David Ley found that in Canada's gateway cities, "the appreciable growth of the low-income population during the 1990s was almost entirely attributable to the growing poverty of recent immigrants".[171] They go on to state, "adult immigrants who had landed in the previous decade endured a poverty rate of...37 percent in Vancouver".[171] Immigrants, recent and old, therefore constitute a large proportion of households in Metro Vancouver considered to be at-risk of homelessness. Analysis conducted by Robert Fiedler revealed that, in 2001, "29.1% of persons in households...in Greater Vancouver are below more than one CMHC housing standard, indicating that...some households not only must spend an unsustainably high proportion of their income on shelter costs, but must also live in overcrowded and/or substandard conditions to access housing".[170] Although many new immigrants to Canada come from educated backgrounds, many having bachelor's degrees, they are paid less on average than Canadian born individuals and "Over the past 25 years, the incomes of recent immigrants to Canada have progressively declined relative to the native-born."[172]

Recently, the City of Vancouver released a new strategy targeting homelessness and affordable housing. The strategy will be enacted in 2012 and will run until 2021, with the goal of ending street homelessness completely by 2015, as well as increasing affordable housing choices for all Vancouverites. The City of Vancouver indicates that from 2002 to 2011, "homelessness has increased nearly three-fold" from approximately 628 homeless in 2002, to 1,605 homeless in 2011.[173] The strategy goes on to report that SRO rooms are increasingly being lost to conversions and rent increases even though SRO hotels constitute a majority of Vancouver's lowest income housing stock. As Robert Fiedler noted in 2006, "renters are disproportionately located in the City of Vancouver, which contains only 27.8% of the area's total population, but 40.2% of all renters".[170] Furthermore, low vacancy rates in Vancouver's market rental stock, a decreasing new supply of apartments in recent decades, and a widening gap of household incomes and housing prices are just a few challenges that must be overcome. By 2021, the City of Vancouver hopes to enable 5,000 additional social housing units, 11,000 new market rental-housing units, and 20,000 market ownership units.[173]

Notes

  1. Vancouver did not exist as such at the time of the 1871 and 1881 censuses.
  2. 2001–2016: Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. 2021: Statistic includes all persons belonging to the non-Indigenous and non-visible minority "White" population group.
  4. Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  5. Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  6. Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  7. Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
  8. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  9. Including all subdivisions that comprise contemporary Vancouver; Vancouver City, Vancouver South, Vancouver North, Hastings Townsite, Lot 301, and Point Grey.
  10. Combined population of the Burrard, Fraser Valley, New Westminster, Vancouver Centre and Vancouver South census divisions, which is the closest approximation to the geographical extent of the contemporary Metro Vancouver Area, per the 1921 census available data.
  11. Combined population of the New Westminster and Vancouver City districts, which is the closest approximation to the geographical extent of the contemporary Metro Vancouver Area, per the 1911 census available data.
  12. All individuals born in the East Indies
  13. Including Austria
  14. All individuals born in the Soviet Union
  15. Including Bukovina and Bulgaria

Citations

  1. [1]
    "Vancouver Public Library" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
  2. [2]
    Data taken from: "British Columbia Regional District and Municipal Census Populations" (PDF). BC Stats.; "British Columbia Municipal and Regional District 1996 Census Results". BC Stats.[permanent dead link];"British Columbia Municipal and Regional District 2001 Census Results". BC Stats.[permanent dead link];Davis, Chuck (1997). The Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopedia. Surrey, BC: Linkman Press. p. 780. ISBN 978-1-896846-00-2.
  3. [3]
    "Members". Metro Vancouver Regional District. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  4. [4]
    "Table 98-10-0002-02 Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities)". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  5. [5]
    "Members". Metro Vancouver Regional District. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  6. [6]
    "Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province] Ethnic Origin". Statistics Canada.
  7. [7]
    Profile of Ethnic Origin and Visible Minorities for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census Archived 30 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  8. [8]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 September 2022). "Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  9. [9]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  10. [10]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 June 2019). "Aboriginal Identity (9), Age (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. [11]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province] Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  12. [12]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 January 2019). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Aboriginal Identity (8), Age Groups (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census divisions and Census subdivisions, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  13. [13]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Vancouver, CMA, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  14. [14]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (Census metropolitan area)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  15. [15]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (Census Metropolitan Area)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  16. [16]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 June 2019). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  17. [17]
    "Proportion of visible minorities, Canada, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, 1981 to 2001". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  18. [18]
    "Visible Minority Neighbourhood Enclaves and Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants - ARCHIVED". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  19. [19]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 January 2003). "Canada's Ethnocultural Portrait: The Changing Mosaic, 2001 Census – ARCHIVED". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  20. [20]
    "Proportion of couples in mixed unions, Canada, 1991 to 2011". Statistics Canada. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  21. [21]
    Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities Residential Segregation of visible minorities in Canada's Gateway cities P207
  22. [22]
    1981 Census of Canada: British Columbia. Ethnic Origin. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  23. [23]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Coquitlam, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  24. [24]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Langley, District municipality British Columbia [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  25. [25]
    "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  26. [26]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  27. [27]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  28. [28]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  29. [29]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  30. [30]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  31. [31]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Visible minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  32. [32]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  33. [33]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Vancouver, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  34. [34]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  35. [35]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  36. [36]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  37. [37]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  38. [38]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) – Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  39. [39]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census – Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  40. [40]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census – Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  41. [41]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  42. [42]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 – provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  43. [43]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 May 2020). "Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census - Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  44. [44]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 May 2020). "Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  45. [45]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I – partie 3. Ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  46. [46]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Population . Specified ethnic groups, census divisions and subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  47. [47]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I – partie 2. Ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  48. [48]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1961 Census of Canada : population : series SP = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : série SP. Ethnic groups, counties and subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  49. [49]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . v. 2. Population by areas". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  50. [50]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  51. [51]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Visible minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  52. [52]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  53. [53]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Surrey, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  54. [54]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Surrey British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  55. [55]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Surrey British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  56. [56]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Visible minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  57. [57]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Burnaby, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  58. [58]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Burnaby, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  59. [59]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  60. [60]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  61. [61]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Richmond, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Visible minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  62. [62]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Richmond, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  63. [63]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Richmond, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  64. [64]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Richmond British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  65. [65]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Richmond British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  66. [66]
    "Richmond at Statistics Canada". 2.statcan.ca. 12 March 2002. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  67. [67]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Coquitlam, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  68. [68]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Coquitlam, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  69. [69]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Coquitlam British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  70. [70]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Coquitlam British Columbia (City)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  71. [71]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Langley, District municipality [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  72. [72]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile, Langley, DM, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  73. [73]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles Langley British Columbia (District municipality)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  74. [74]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (District Municipality)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  75. [75]
    "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  76. [76]
    "NHS Profile". Statistics Canada. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  77. [77]
    "2006 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  78. [78]
    "2001 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  79. [79]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  80. [80]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  81. [81]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  82. [82]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  83. [83]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  84. [84]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  85. [85]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  86. [86]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  87. [87]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  88. [88]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  89. [89]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  90. [90]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  91. [91]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  92. [92]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  93. [93]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  94. [94]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  95. [95]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  96. [96]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  97. [97]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  98. [98]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  99. [99]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Langley—Aldergrove British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  100. [100]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  101. [101]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  102. [102]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Cloverdale—Langley City British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  103. [103]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  104. [104]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population New Westminster—Burnaby British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  105. [105]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  106. [106]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population North Vancouver British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  107. [107]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey—Newton British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  108. [108]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  109. [109]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population South Surrey—White Rock British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  110. [110]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  111. [111]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Port Moody—Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  112. [112]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Delta British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  113. [113]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  114. [114]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Granville British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  115. [115]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  116. [116]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Quadra British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  117. [117]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby North—Seymour British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  118. [118]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Kingsway British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  119. [119]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Richmond Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  120. [120]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Steveston—Richmond East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  121. [121]
    Bloemraad, Irene. "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver" (Chapter 2). In: Andrew, Caroline, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley (editors). Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women. UBC Press, 1 July 2009. ISBN 0774858583, 9780774858588. Start p. 46. CITED: p. 68.
  122. [122]
    "Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  123. [123]
    "Statistics Canada: 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  124. [124]
    "Metro's 70,000 ethnic Koreans: Most turn to fervent, conservative Christianity Archived 19 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine." Vancouver Sun. 2 March 2014. Retrieved on 24 December 2014.
  125. [125]
    Baker p. 162-163 (PDF 9-10/26).
  126. [126]
    Baker p. 163 (PDF 10/26).
  127. [127]
    Baker, Don and Larry DeVries. "Introduction" (Archive). In: DeVries, Larry, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer (editors). Asian Religions in British Columbia (Asian Religions and Society Series). University of British Columbia Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. p. 5.
  128. [128]
    "Ethnic mapping 6: Koreans, Poles, Scots, Ukrainians and more Archived 26 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine." Vancouver Sun. 20 October 2011. Retrieved on 24 December 2014.
  129. [129]
    Baker p. 159 (PDF 6/26).
  130. [130]
    Baker p. 160 (PDF 7/26).
  131. [131]
    Baker p. 160-161 (PDF 7-8/26).
  132. [132]
    Baker p. 162 (PDF 9/26).
  133. [133]
    Ahadi, Daniel and Catherine A. Murray (Simon Fraser University). "Urban Mediascapes and Multicultural Flows: Assessing Vancouver's Communication Infrastructure" (Archive). Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 34 (2009) p. 587-611. CITED: p. 596.
  134. [134]
    Walton-Roberts and Hiebert, Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family Archived 18 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, p. 124.
  135. [135]
    "The Vancouver Sun maps the ethnic makeup of Metro Vancouver (interactive)". Vancouver Sun. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  136. [136]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 September 2022). "Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  137. [137]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 September 2022). "Projected population by racialized group, generation status and other selected characteristics (x 1,000)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  138. [138]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (6 October 2021). "Projections of the Indigenous populations and households in Canada, 2016 to 2041". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  139. [139]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (6 October 2021). "Projected population by Indigenous identity, age group, sex, area of residence, provinces and territories, and projection scenario, Canada (x 1,000)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  140. [140]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 August 2022). "Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  141. [141]
    Profile table, 2021 Census of Population, Vancouver (census metropolitan area), published 17 August 2022, accessed 19 August 2022
  142. [142]
    "Clark, Warren. "Patterns of Religious Attendance"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  143. [143]
    Babych, Art. "Attendance Drops in Church". Western Catholic Reporter. Archived 2 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  144. [144]
    "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population- Greater Vancouver". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022.
  145. [145]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  146. [146]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  147. [147]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  148. [148]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  149. [149]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  150. [150]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  151. [151]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 May 2020). "Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  152. [152]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 June 2023). "Place of birth and period of immigration by gender and age: Census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  153. [153]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 June 2023). "Place of birth and period of immigration by gender and age: Province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  154. [154]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 June 2019). "Data tables, 2016 Census Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Place of Birth (272), Age (7A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  155. [155]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 June 2019). "Data tables, 2016 Census Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (272), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  156. [156]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 January 2019). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, National Household Survey, 2011". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  157. [157]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 January 2019). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  158. [158]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 March 2009). "Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  159. [159]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1 May 2020). "2006 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8) and Place of Birth (261) for the Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  160. [160]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 December 2013). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (10A) and Place of Birth of Respondent (260) for Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  161. [161]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 December 2013). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Selected Places of Birth (85) for the Immigrant Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  162. [162]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 June 2019). "Data tables, 1996 Census Immigrant Population by Place of Birth (260A) and Sex (3), Showing Period of Immigration (6), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  163. [163]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 2 - série provinciale : population; langue, origine ethnique, religion, lieu de naissance, scolarité. British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  164. [164]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 3. Ages of the population classified by sex, conjugal condition, racial origin, religious denomination, birthplace, etc." www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  165. [165]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Sixth census of Canada,1921 . v. 2. Population: age, conjugal condition, birthplace, immigration, citizenship, language, educational status, school attendance, blindness and deaf mutism". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  166. [166]
    Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  167. [167]
    Regional Steering Committee on Homelessness (February 2012). Results of the 2011 Metro Vancouver Homeless Count (Report).
  168. [168]
    Fiedler, Rob; Schuurman, Hyndman (8 May 2006). "Hidden homelessness: An indicator-based approach for examining the geographies of recent immigrants at-risk of homelessness in Greater Vancouver". Cities. 3. 23 (3): 11. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2006.03.004.
  169. [169]
    Eberle Planning and Research (April 2001). Homelessness – Causes and Effects: A Profile, Policy Review and Analysis of Homelessness in British Columbia (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  170. [170]
    Fiedler, Robert (2006). Geographies of Immigrants at Risk for Homelessness in Greater Vancouver (MA thesis). Simon Fraser University. p. 108.
  171. [171]
    Smith, Heather; Ley (25 June 2008). "Even in Canada? The Multiscalar Construction and Experience of Concentrated Immigrant Poverty in Gateway Cities". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 3. 98 (3): 27. doi:10.1080/00045600802104509. S2CID 144019093.
  172. [172]
    Moore, Eric; Pacey (25 June 2008). "Changing Income Inequality and Immigration in Canada, 1980–1995" (PDF). Canadian Public Policy. 29 (1): 33–52. doi:10.2307/3552487. JSTOR 3552487. S2CID 153270787.
  173. [173]
    City of Vancouver (June 2011). Vancouver's Housing and Homeless Strategy 2012–2021: A Home for Everyone (Report).

References

Further reading
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Demographics_of_Vancouver, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.