Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages
Eastern Trans-Fly languages
Language family of New Guinea
The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea.
Eastern Trans-Fly | |
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Oriomo Plateau | |
Geographic distribution | Oriomo Plateau, Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands (Australia) |
Linguistic classification | Trans-Fly or independent language family
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Glottolog | east2503 |
Map: The Eastern Trans-Fly languages of New Guinea
The Eastern Trans-Fly languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Australian languages
Uninhabited |
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The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.
Wurm had concluded that some of his purported Trans-Fly languages were not in the Trans–New Guinea family but rather heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Ross (2005) removed the bulk of the languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans–New Guinea.
Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls Oriomo Plateau, to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.
Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[1] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages).[2]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–Eastern Trans-Fly are,
I *ka exclusive we *ki inclusive we *mi thou *ma you *we he/she/it *tabV; *e they *tepi
There is a possibility of a connection here to Trans–New Guinea. If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second-person form, then there would appear to be i-ablaut for the plural: *ka~ki, **ma~mi, **tapa~tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG (*na~ni, *ga~gi). Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns (*(a)ku I, *(ka)mu you, *kita we inc., *(ka)mi we exc., *ia he/she/it; some archeological, cultural and linguistic evidence of Austronesian contact and settlement in the area exists (David et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2006; McNiven et al., 2004: 67-68; Mitchell 1995).
The following basic vocabulary words for Bine (Täti dialect), Bine (Sogal dialect), Gizra (Kupere dialect) and Wipi (Dorogori dialect) are from the Trans-New Guinea database.[3] The equivalent words for Meriam Mir are also included.[4]
gloss | Bine (Täti dialect) | Bine (Sogal dialect) | Gizra (Kupere dialect) | Wipi (Dorogori dialect) | Meriam Mir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
head | mopo | mopo | siŋɨl | mopʰ | kìrìm |
hair | ede ŋæři | mopo ŋæři | eřŋen | mop ŋɨs | mus |
ear | tablam | tablamo | gublam | yəkəpya | girip, laip |
eye | iřeʔu | iřeku | ilkʰəp | yəř | erkep |
nose | keke | keke | siəkʰ | sok | pit |
tooth | giřiʔu | ziřgup | tìrìg | ||
tongue | wætæ | wærtæ | uːlitʰ | vlat | werut |
leg | er̃ŋe | er̃ŋe | wapʰər̃ | kwa | teter |
louse | ŋamwe | ŋamo | ŋəm | bɨnɨm | nem |
dog | dřego | dřeŋgo | ume | yɔŋg | omai |
pig | blomwe | blomo | b'om | borom | |
bird | eře | eře | pʰöyɑy | yi | ebur |
egg | ku | ku | uŕgup | kʰɨp | wer |
blood | uːdi | uːdi | əi | wɔːdž | mam |
bone | kaːke | kaːko | kʰus | kʰakʰ | lid |
skin | tæːpwe | tæːpo | sopʰai | gɨm | gegur |
breast | nono | ŋamo | ŋiam | ŋɔm | nano |
tree | uli | uli | nugup | wʉl | lu(g) |
man | řoːřie | řoːřie | pʰam | r̃ɨga | kimiar |
woman | magebe | magobe | kʰoːl | kʰɔŋga | koskìr |
sun | abwedži | bimu | abɨs | lom | lìm |
moon | mřeːpwe | mabye | mɛlpal | mobi | meb |
water | niːye | niːye | nai | ni | nì |
fire | ulobo | ulikobo | uːř | par̃a | ur |
stone | kula | kula | iŋlkʰup | gli | bakìr |
name | ŋi | ŋi | ŋi | niː | nei |
eat | waː aloda | nina wavwin | ero | ||
one | neːteřa | yepæ | dər̃pʰan | yəpa | netat |
two | neneni | neneni | niːs | nɨmɔg | neis |
- Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- McNiven, Ian J.; Hitchcock, Garrick (2015). "Goemulgaw Lagal: Natural and Cultural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture. 8. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- David, B., McNiven, I.J., Mitchell, R., Orr, M., Haberle, S., Brady, L. & Crouch, J. 2004. Badu 15 and the Papuan-Austronesian settlement of Torres Strait. Archeology in Oceania 39(2): 65-78.
- Fleischmann, L. and Turpeinen, S. "A Dialect Survey of Eastern Trans-Fly Languages". In Reesink, G.P., Fleischmann, L., Turpeinen, S. and Lincoln, P.C. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 19. A-45:39-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1976. doi:10.15144/PL-A45.39
- McNiven, I.J., Dickinson, W.R., David, B., Weisler, M., Von Gnielinski, F., Carter, M., & Zoppi, U. 2006. Mask Cave: red-slipped pottery and the Australian-Papuan settlement of Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait). Archaeology in Oceania 41(2): 49-81.
- McNiven, I.J., David, B., Richards, T., Aplin, K., Asmussen, B., Mialanes, J., Leavesley, M., Faulkner, P., UlmM, S. 2011 New directions in human colonisation of the Pacific: Lapita settlement of south coast New Guinea. Australian Archaeology 72:1-6.
- Mitchell, R. 1995. Linguistic Archeology in Torres Strait. Unpublished MA thesis (James Cook University: Townsville).