Edmonton-Gold_Bar
Edmonton-Gold Bar
Provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada
Edmonton-Gold Bar is a provincial electoral district, in Alberta, Canada. The district is one of 87 in the province mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.
 Alberta electoral district | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Edmonton-Gold Bar within the City of Edmonton, 2017 boundaries. | |||
| Provincial electoral district | |||
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Alberta | ||
| MLA |
New Democratic | ||
| District created | 1971 | ||
| First contested | 1971 | ||
| Last contested | 2023 | ||
The district is primarily urban and located in the central east portion of city of Edmonton. It was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution from part of Strathcona East.
In addition to its namesake neighbourhood of Gold Bar, the riding also contains the neighbourhoods of Capilano, Fulton Place, Terrace Heights, Forest Heights, Ottewell, Kenilworth, Holyrood, Avonmore, King Edward Park, Cloverdale, Bonnie Doon, Idylwylde & Strathearn.
The district is currently represented by Marlin Schmidt of the Alberta NDP.
The electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution from the old electoral district of Strathcona East.
The 2010 boundary redistribution saw significant changes to the riding. All the land north of the North Saskatchewan River was ceded to Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood, while the south boundary was moved from 92 Avenue to 82 Avenue to the Canadian Pacific Rail line to 63 Avenue into Edmonton-Mill Creek. The west boundary changed from Connors Road to travel through the Mill Creek Ravine. Its neighbour to the west is Edmonton-Strathcona.
Boundary history
| 32 Edmonton-Gold Bar 2003 boundaries[1] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bordering districts | |||
| North | East | West | South |
| Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood | Sherwood Park | Edmonton-Calder and Edmonton-Centre | Edmonton-Mill Creek and Edmonton-Strathcona |
| riding map goes here |  | ||
| Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2003, Electoral Divisions Act. | |||
| Starting at the intersection of 97 Street with Norwood Boulevard; then 1. northeast along Norwood Boulevard and 112 Avenue to the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line; 2. southwest along the LRT line to 84 Street; 3. south along 84 Street to Jasper Avenue; 4. northeast along Jasper Avenue to 82 Street; 5. south along the extension of 82 Street to the right bank of the North Saskatchewan River; 6. east along the right bank of the North Saskatchewan River to the east Edmonton city boundary; 7. south, east and south along the Edmonton city boundary to 92 Avenue; 8. west along 92 Avenue to 50 Street; 9. south along 50 Street to 90 Avenue; 10. northwest along 90 Avenue to Connors Road; 11. northwest along Connors Road to the Low Level Bridge and the right bank of the North Saskatchewan River; 12. northeast along the right bank of the North Saskatchewan River to the southerly extension of 97 Street; 13. north along the extension and 97 Street to the starting point. | |||
| Note: | |||
| 35 Edmonton-Gold Bar 2010 boundaries[2] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bordering districts | |||
| North | East | West | South |
| Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview and Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood | Sherwood Park | Edmonton-Centre and Edmonton-Strathcona | Edmonton-Mill Creek |
 |
 | ||
| Note: Boundary descriptions were not used in the 2010 redistribution | |||
Representation history
| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Edmonton-Gold Bar[3] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party | |
| See: Strathcona East 1959-1971 | ||||
| 17th | 1971–1975 | William Yurko | Progressive Conservative | |
| 18th | 1975–1979 | |||
| 1979 | Vacant | |||
| 19th | 1979–1982 | Al Hiebert | Progressive Conservative | |
| 20th | 1982–1986 | |||
| 21st | 1986–1989 | Bettie Hewes | Liberal | |
| 22nd | 1989–1993 | |||
| 23rd | 1993–1997 | |||
| 24th | 1997–2001 | Hugh MacDonald | ||
| 25th | 2001–2004 | |||
| 26th | 2004–2008 | |||
| 27th | 2008–2012 | |||
| 28th | 2012–2015 | David Dorward | Progressive Conservative | |
| 29th | 2015–2019 | Marlin Schmidt | New Democratic | |
| 30th | 2019–2023 | |||
| 31st | 2023– | |||
The electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution. The election that year saw Strathcona East incumbent Progressive Conservative MLA William Yurko run here due to his old seat being abolished.
Yurko faced two other candidates in the election held that year and won the new district with a comfortable majority to pick up the seat for his party. After the election Premier Peter Lougheed appointed Yurko as a cabinet minister. He ran for a second term in the 1975 general election. Yurko won a bigger percentage despite losing some of his popular vote as the opposition vote collapsed.
Yurko resigned from his cabinet post in 1978 with the intention of seeking the nomination the Progressive Conservative nomination in Edmonton East for the 1979 federal election. He won the nomination and resigned his seat in early 1979.
The election in 1979 saw Progressive Conservative candidate Al Hiebert easily win a four cornered race to hold the open seat for his party. Hiebert was re-elected with a larger majority in the 1982 general election.
The 1986 election in the district saw a major upset with Hiebert getting defeated by Liberal candidate Bettie Hewes who managed to increase the Liberal vote in the district by over 5800 votes. Hewes won a stronger majority when she was re-elected to her second term in the 1989 general election. She won a landslide running for her third term winning the highest popular vote of any candidate in the 1993 general election. After the election Hewes briefly served as a leader of the opposition and of the Liberal party. She did not run for re-election in 1997 and retired at dissolution of the assembly.
Since 2015, the representative for Edmonton Goldbar has been Marlin Schmidt of the Alberta New Democratic Party.
1971
| 1971 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | William Yurko | 5,789 | 54.36% | – | ||||
| Social Credit | William F. Young | 3,778 | 35.48% | – | ||||
| New Democratic | Tom Hennessey | 1,082 | 10.16% | – | ||||
| Total | 10,649 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 51 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 14,401 | 74.30% | – | |||||
| Progressive Conservative pickup new district. | ||||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1971 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1975
| 1975 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | William Yurko | 5,247 | 64.40% | 10.03% | ||||
| New Democratic | Grant Arnold | 1,312 | 16.10% | 5.94% | ||||
| Social Credit | Larry Latter | 982 | 12.05% | -23.43% | ||||
| Liberal | Don Hoyda | 579 | 7.11% | – | ||||
| Communist | Harry J. Strynadka | 28 | 0.34% | – | ||||
| Total | 8,148 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 33 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 14,191 | 57.65% | -16.65% | |||||
| Progressive Conservative hold | Swing | 14.70% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1975 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1979
| 1979 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Alois Paul Hiebert | 6,044 | 56.04% | -8.36% | ||||
| New Democratic | Kathleen Wright | 2,343 | 21.72% | 5.62% | ||||
| Social Credit | Ace Cetinski | 1,397 | 12.95% | 0.90% | ||||
| Liberal | Laurie Switzer | 1,002 | 9.29% | 2.18% | ||||
| Total | 10,786 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 20 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 17,599 | 61.40% | 3.75% | |||||
| Progressive Conservative hold | Swing | -6.99% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1979 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1982
| 1982 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Alois Paul Hiebert | 7,223 | 56.71% | 0.68% | ||||
| New Democratic | Allen Eng | 3,563 | 27.98% | 6.25% | ||||
| Western Canada Concept | Joe Wanner | 996 | 7.82% | – | ||||
| Liberal | Laurie Switzer | 567 | 4.45% | -4.84% | ||||
| Independent | Chuck Bolton | 387 | 3.04% | – | ||||
| Total | 12,736 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 15 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 17,838 | 71.48% | 10.08% | |||||
| Progressive Conservative hold | Swing | -2.79% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1982 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1986
| 1986 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Bettie Hewes | 6,378 | 43.48% | 39.02% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Alois Paul Hiebert | 4,150 | 28.29% | -28.42% | ||||
| New Democratic | Randy Morse | 4,142 | 28.23% | 0.26% | ||||
| Total | 14,670 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 27 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 23,659 | 62.12% | -9.36% | |||||
| Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative | Swing | -6.77% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1986 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1989
| 1989 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Bettie Hewes | 7,833 | 54.25% | 10.77% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Cathy Wyatt | 4,381 | 30.34% | 2.05% | ||||
| New Democratic | Chris Tomaschuk | 2,170 | 15.03% | -13.21% | ||||
| Communist | Naomi J. Rankin | 55 | 0.38% | – | ||||
| Total | 14,439 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 23 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 22,708 | 63.69% | 1.57% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | 4.36% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1989 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1993
| 1993 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Bettie Hewes | 10,605 | 59.19% | 4.94% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | John Szumlas | 4,721 | 26.35% | -3.99% | ||||
| New Democratic | Lorraine Crawford | 1,820 | 10.16% | -4.87% | ||||
| Social Credit | David H. Friesen | 516 | 2.88% | – | ||||
| Greens | David J. Parker | 165 | 0.92% | – | ||||
| Natural Law | Roni Shapka | 90 | 0.50% | – | ||||
| Total | 17,917 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 36 | – | – | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 27,205 | 65.99% | 2.30% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | 4.47% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1993 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
1997
| 1997 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Hugh MacDonald | 7,528 | 48.62% | -10.57% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Susan Green | 5,819 | 37.58% | 11.23% | ||||
| New Democratic | Walter Heneghan | 1,970 | 12.72% | 2.56% | ||||
| Greens | David J. Parker | 92 | 0.59% | -0.33% | ||||
| Natural Law | Maury Shapka | 75 | 0.48% | -0.02% | ||||
| Total | 15,484 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 18 | 33 | 5 | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 23,145 | 67.00% | 1.01% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | -10.90% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 1997 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
2001
| 2001 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Hugh MacDonald | 7,654 | 51.07% | 2.45% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | David Fletcher | 5,981 | 39.91% | 2.33% | ||||
| New Democratic | Peter Cross | 1,159 | 7.73% | -4.99% | ||||
| Greens | Margaret Marean | 193 | 1.29% | 0.69% | ||||
| Total | 14,987 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 16 | 16 | 5 | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 23,337 | 64.31% | -2.69% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | 0.06% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 2001 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.[4] | ||||||||
2004
| 2004 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Hugh MacDonald | 8,798 | 62.65% | 11.58% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | Manjit Dhaliwal | 2,572 | 18.32% | -21.59% | ||||
| New Democratic | Keith Turnbull | 1,967 | 14.01% | 6.27% | ||||
| Alberta Alliance | Delmar Hunt | 538 | 3.83% | – | ||||
| Independent | Dave Dowling | 167 | 1.19% | – | ||||
| Total | 14,042 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 74 | 27 | 5 | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 25,326 | 55.76% | -8.55% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | 16.59% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: [5] | ||||||||
2008
| 2008 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Liberal | Hugh MacDonald | 6,279 | 44.89% | -17.77% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | David C. Dorward | 5,261 | 37.61% | 19.29% | ||||
| New Democratic | Sherry McKibben | 1,923 | 13.75% | -0.26% | ||||
| Green | Dave Zylstra | 525 | 3.75% | – | ||||
| Total | 13,988 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 51 | 28 | 2 | |||||
| Eligible electors / Turnout | 29,343 | 47.85% | -7.91% | |||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | -18.53% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "32 - Edmonton-Gold Bar, 2008 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020.[6] | ||||||||
2012
| 2012 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | David C. Dorward | 6,701 | 32.97% | -4.64% | ||||
| New Democratic | Marlin Schmidt | 5,836 | 28.71% | 14.96% | ||||
| Liberal | Josipa Petrunic | 4,078 | 20.06% | -24.83% | ||||
| Wildrose Alliance | Linda Carlson | 3,169 | 15.59% | – | ||||
| Alberta Party | Dennis O'Neill | 345 | 1.70% | – | ||||
| Evergreen | David J. Parker | 198 | 0.97% | – | ||||
| Total | 20,327 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 144 | 18 | 1 | |||||
| Eligible electors / turnout | 32,868 | 62.29% | 14.43% | |||||
| Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | -1.51% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "35 - Edmonton-Gold Bar, 2012 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
2015
| 2015 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| New Democratic | Marlin Schmidt | 15,349 | 68.89% | 40.17% | ||||
| Progressive Conservative | David C. Dorward | 4,147 | 18.61% | -14.35% | ||||
| Wildrose | Justin J. James | 1,422 | 6.38% | -9.21% | ||||
| Liberal | Ronald Brochu | 702 | 3.15% | -16.91% | ||||
| Alberta Party | Cristina Stasia | 662 | 2.97% | 1.27% | ||||
| Total | 22,282 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 96 | 25 | 16 | |||||
| Eligible electors / turnout | 36,688 | 61.04% | -1.25% | |||||
| New Democratic gain from Progressive Conservative | Swing | 23.01% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "35 - Edmonton-Gold Bar, 2015 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
2019
| 2019 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| New Democratic | Marlin Schmidt | 14,562 | 59.48% | -9.40% | ||||
| United Conservative | David C. Dorward | 7,174 | 29.30% | +4.31% | ||||
| Alberta Party | Diana Ly | 2,008 | 8.20% | 5.23% | ||||
| Liberal | Steve Kochan | 315 | 1.29% | -1.86% | ||||
| Green | Tanya Herbert | 247 | 1.01% | – | ||||
| Alberta Independence | Vincent Loyer | 176 | 0.72% | – | ||||
| Total | 24,482 | – | – | |||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 27 | 64 | 16 | |||||
| Eligible electors / turnout | 35,555 | 68.98% | 7.94% | |||||
| New Democratic hold | Swing | -10.05% | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: "33 - Edmonton-Gold Bar, 2019 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | ||||||||
2023
| 2023 Alberta general election | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||||
| New Democratic | Marlin Schmidt | 15,508 | 69.48 | +10.00 | ||||
| United Conservative | Miles Berry | 6,174 | 27.66 | -1.64 | ||||
| Independent | Graham Lettner | 321 | 1.44 | – | ||||
| Green | Ernestina Malheiro | 316 | 1.42 | +0.41 | ||||
| Total | 22,319 | 99.36 | – | |||||
| Rejected and declined | 144 | 0.64 | ||||||
| Turnout | 22,463 | 63.31 | ||||||
| Eligible voters | 35,481 | |||||||
| New Democratic hold | Swing | +5.82 | ||||||
Source(s)
Source: Elections Alberta[7] | ||||||||
2004
| 2004 Senate nominee election results: Edmonton-Gold Bar[8] | Turnout 55.03% | |||||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % votes | % ballots | Rank | |
| Progressive Conservative | Betty Unger | 4,350 | 15.59% | 44.84% | 2 | |
| Independent | Link Byfield | 3,970 | 14.23% | 40.92% | 4 | |
| Progressive Conservative | Bert Brown | 2,986 | 10.70% | 30.78% | 1 | |
| Independent | Tom Sindlinger | 2,895 | 10.37% | 29.84% | 9 | |
| Progressive Conservative | Cliff Breitkreuz | 2,875 | 10.30% | 29.64% | 3 | |
| Alberta Alliance | Michael Roth | 2,594 | 9.30% | 26.74% | 7 | |
| Alberta Alliance | Vance Gough | 2,342 | 8.39% | 24.14% | 8 | |
| Alberta Alliance | Gary Horan | 2,251 | 8.07% | 23.20% | 10 | |
| Progressive Conservative | David Usherwood | 1,956 | 7.01% | 20.16% | 6 | |
| Progressive Conservative | Jim Silye | 1,688 | 6.04% | 17.40% | 5 | |
| Total votes | 27,907 | 100% | ||||
| Total ballots | 9,701 | 2.88 votes per ballot | ||||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 4,235 | |||||
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot
2012
2004
| Participating schools[9] |
|---|
| Austin OBrien School |
| Braemar School |
| McNally High School |
| Ottewell School |
| St. Gabriel School |
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.
| 2004 Alberta student vote results[10] | ||||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Liberal | Hugh MacDonald | 477 | 47.23% | |
| NDP | Keith Turnbull | 214 | 21.19% | |
| Progressive Conservative | Manjit Dhaliwal | 202 | 20.00% | |
| Alberta Alliance | Delmar Hunt | 89 | 8.81% | |
| Independent | Dave Dowling | 28 | 2.77% | |
| Total | 1,010 | 100% | ||
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 43 | |||
2012
| 2012 Alberta student vote results | ||||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Progressive Conservative | David Dorward | % | ||
| Wildrose | Linda Carlson | |||
| Liberal | Josipa Petrunic | % | ||
| Alberta Party | Dennis O’Neill | |||
| NDP | Marlin Schmidt | % | ||
| Total | 100% | |||
- "E‑4.1". Statutes of the Province of Alberta. Government of Alberta. 2003. p. 18.
- "Bill 28 Electoral Divisions Act" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. 2010.
- "Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1905-2006" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- "Edmonton-Gold Bar Official Results 2001 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- "Edmonton-Gold Bar Statement of Official Results 2004 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
- The Report on the March 3, 2008 Provincial General Election of the Twenty-seventh Legislative Assembly. Elections Alberta. July 28, 2008. pp. 298–301.
- "33 - Edmonton-Gold Bar". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- "Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- "School by School results". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
- "Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2008.