Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (2003-2009)

In May 2003, President Vladimir Putin appointed Mitrofanova by decree^[2] to the post of First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the abolition of the Russian Ministry of Affairs of Federation and Nationalities, her mandate included also the activities of the Roszaroubezhcentre of the MFA.

Ambassador-at-large to UNESCO (2009-2016)

She was previously ambassador-at-large of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a Permanent Delegate to UNESCO.^{[citation needed]}

Ambassador to Bulgaria (2021-present)

On 15 January 2021, she was appointed Ambassador of Russia to Bulgaria.^[3]

As a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Russian government's response to it in Bulgaria, in late March 2022, Mitrofanova was criticized for making "undiplomatic, sharp and rude" statements against the Bulgarian government and its citizens.^[4]

In April 2022, Mitrofanova proceeded to harshly criticize an initiative of the Bulgarian citizens and government to rename the alley in front of the Russian Embassy to Heroes Of Ukraine Lane, and a neighboring alley to Boris Nemtsov Lane, in commemoration of the infamously slain Russian opposition figure.^[5]

In the wake of such controversies, there have been widespread talks about declaring Mitrofanova persona-non-grata, due to the abrasive, disrespectful and undiplomatic way in which she has addressed the Bulgarian government and citizens.^[6]

In the evening of June 27, 2022 the Russian embassy in Sofia launched a charity appeal for Bulgarians to support the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[7] One day later, Prime Minister Kiril Petkov announced the expulsion of 70 Russian diplomats over concerns of espionage.^[8] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Bulgaria would be temporarily closing down its diplomatic mission in Yekaterinburg and expected Russia to temporarily halt the activities of its own mission in Ruse, Bulgaria.^[9] All services of the Russian embassy were halted, and Bulgaria stipulated that from that point on, Russia must follow the official standard of limiting their numbers to 23 diplomatic staff and 25 administrative staff.^[10]

On April 20, 2023, Mitrofanova violated Article 41 of the Vienna Convention by publicly expressing her support for a particular Bulgarian political party.^[11]