Emperor_of_Vietnam

List of monarchs of Vietnam

List of monarchs of Vietnam

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This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ).[1][2]

Quick Facts Monarch of Vietnam, Details ...

Overview

See also: Emperor at home, king abroad

Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves kings (vương) or emperors (hoàng đế).[1][2] Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.

Titles

Vietnamese titles

Vietnamese monarchs used and were referred to by many titles, depending on each ruler's prestige and favor. Except for legendary rulers and the Sinitic-speaking Zhao dynasty and the Early Ly dynasty, the most popular and common Vietnamese designation for ruler, vua 𪼀 (lit. sovereign, chieftain), according to Liam C. Kelley, is "largely based on a pure semantic association based on the benevolent feature associated to the 'father' (but, on the other hand, the image of the father may also be terrifying, strict, or even mean)." Because there is no elaborated Chinese character or any attempt to standardize the Sino-Vietnamese Chữ Nôm script to render vua, the title was rendered in different ways. Vua in Ancient Vietnamese (10th–15th centuries) is attested in the 14th-century Buddhist literature Việt Điện U Linh Tập as bùgài (布蓋) in Chinese or vua cái (great sovereign in Vietnamese),[3] in 15th-century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua;[4] becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis-Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies.[5] Vua is not found in any Vietnamese dynastic records which all were written in the lingua franca Chữ Hán through.[citation needed]

According to Mark Alves, Vietnamese vua was seemingly a loan word borrowed from the Old Chinese form of title Wáng (王, king), *‍ɢʷaŋ, to Proto-Viet-Muong. Frédéric Pain, however, insists that vua is from a completely indigenous Vietic lexicon, derived from sesquisyllabic proto-Vietic *k.bɔ.[6] While the monarch was commonly referred vernacularly as vua, Vietnamese royal records and official ceremonial titles have used hoàng đế (emperor) or vương (king), which are Vietnamese renditions of Chinese royal titles Huángdì and Wáng, since the time of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. They were employed to show the Vietnamese monarchs' credence, and the latter was used in tributary relations with the Chinese empires without being considered a Chinese subject.[6][7]

Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha).[8] His great-grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.[9]

Cham titles

Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya[monarch name]. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja-di-raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king).[10] After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post-1471 Champa.

Ancient period

Hồng Bàng period

According to tradition there were eighteen of the Hùng kings of the Hồng Bàng period, known then as Văn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the book Việt Nam sử lược by Trần Trọng Kim.[11]

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Âu Lạc (257–207 BC)

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Kingdom of Nam Việt (204–111 BC)

See also: Triệu dynasty

There is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.[12]

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1st, 2nd, 3rd Chinese domination period (111 BC - 939 AD)

  Trưng SistersLady Triệu  Mai Hắc Đế   
Triệu dynasty     Early Lý dynasty   Phùng Hưng AutonomyIndependent time
111 BCE4043246 249544602722 766789906938

Trưng Sisters (40–43)

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Mai rebellions (713–723)

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Phùng rebellions (766–791)

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Early Lý dynasty (544–602)

Early Lý dynasty (544–602)
         
111 BC 544 602 938  
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Đào Lang Vương is not officially considered as emperor of Early Lý dynasty as he was a self-claimed emperor.

Autonomous period (866–938) & Independent period (938–1407)

        Ming domination   Nam–Bắc triều * Bắc Hà–Nam Hà  French Indochina 
Chinese dominationNgô ĐinhEarly LêLýTrầnHồLater Trần LêMạcRevival LêTây SơnNguyễnModern time
                 
             Trịnh lords    
             Nguyễn lords    
939   100912251400  142715271592178818581945

Tĩnh Hải quân (866–938)

See also: Khúc clan
Khúc Family (905–938)
       
111 BC 905 938  
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At this time, the Khúc leaders still held the title of Jiedushi, hence they are not official kings of Vietnam.

Ngô dynasty (939–965)

Ngô dynasty (939–965)
       
939 965 1945  
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Interregnum (965-968)

Warring states period

See also: Anarchy of the 12 Warlords

The throne of Ngô dynasty was upsurged by Dương Tam Kha, the brother-in-law of Ngô Quyền and this led to anger among those who were loyal to Ngô dynasty. The local warlords decided to make the rebellions to claim the throne.

Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (965–968)
       
965 968 1945  
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State of Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054) & State of Đại Việt (1054–1400, 1427–1804)

Đinh dynasty (968–980)

See also: Đinh dynasty

Đinh dynasty (968–980)
         
939 968 980 1945  
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Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)

Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)
         
939 980 1009 1945  
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Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)

Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)
         
939 1010 1225 1945  
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Trần dynasty (1225–1400)

Trần dynasty (1225–1400)
         
939 1225 1400 1945  
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State of Đại Ngu (1400–1407)

Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)

Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)
         
939 1400 1407 1945  
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Fourth Chinese domination period (1407–1427)

Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414)

Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414)
         
939 1407 1413 1945  
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Second independent period (1427–1802)

Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527)

Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527)
         
939 1428 1527 1945  
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Northern and Southern dynasty (1533–1592)

Northern dynasty – Mạc dynasty (1527–1592)

Mạc dynasty (1527–1592)
         
939 1527 1592 1945  
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Southern dynasty – Revival Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1789)

Later Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1788)
         
939 1533 1789 1945  
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Tonkin – Trịnh lords (1545–1787)

Trịnh Lords (1545–1787)
         
939 1545 1787 1945  
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Trịnh Kiểm never declared himself as Lord during his rule, his titles were posthumously given by his descendants. Hence he is not considered as an official Trịnh Lord.

Cochinchina – Nguyễn lords (1558–1777)

Nguyễn Lords (1558–1777)
         
939 1558 1802 1945  
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Nguyễn Phúc Dương was established by Tây Sơn leaders (Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ) as a puppet Nguyễn Lord for their political purpose during Tây Sơn uprising. Hence he is sometimes not considered as an official Nguyễn lord.

Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)

Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)
         
939 1778 1802 1945  
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Nguyễn Nhạc dropped his emperor title in 1788 after his younger brother – Nguyễn Huệ – declared himself as Emperor.

Empire of Dai Nam (1802–1883), Annam and Tonkin Protectorates (1883–1945), and Empire of Vietnam (1945)

Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)

Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)
       
939 1802 1945  
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Non-Vietnamese nations

Champa (192–1832)

Dynasty King Real name Reign
I Dynasty Sri Mara Ch'ű-lien[17]: 44  192–?
 ?
 ?
Fan Hsiung[17]: 44  fl. 270
Fan Yi[17]: 44  c. 284–336
II Dynasty Fan Wen[17]: 44–45  336–349
Fan Fo[17]: 47  349–?
Bhadravarman I[17]: 48  Fan Hu Ta[17]: 56  380–413[17]: 56 
Gangaraja[17]: 57  Fan Ti Chen[17]: 56 
Manorathavarman[17]: 57 
Fan Diwen died c. 420
III Dynasty Fan Yang Mai I Fan Yangmai c. 420–421[17]: 57 
Fan Yang Mai II[17]: 57  Fan Duo c. 431 – c. 455
Fan Shencheng[17]: 57  c. 455 – c. 484
Fan Danggenchun[17]: 58  c. 484 – c. 492
Fan Zhunong c. 492 – c. 498[17]: 59 
Fan Wenkuan
[17]: 59 

or Fan Wenzan

 c. 502 – c. 510
Devavarman[17]: 59  Fan Tiankai c. 510 – c. 526
Vijayavarman[17]: 59  c. 526/9
IV Dynasty Rudravarman I[17]: 70  c. 529 ?
Sambhuvarman[17]: 70  Fan Fanzhi 572 – 629
Kandarpadharma[17]: 71  Fan Touli 629 –
Prabhasadharma Fan Zhenlong – 645[17]: 71 
Bhadresvaravarman[17]: 71  645–?
Daughter of Kandarpadharma (FEMALE)[17]: 71   ?–653
Vikrantavarman I Zhuge Di 653–c. 686[17]: 72 
Naravahanavarman c. 686 – c. ?
Vikrantavarman II[17]: 72  c. 687 – c. 731
Rudravarman II[17]: 94  c. 731/58
V Dynasty (of Panduranga) Prithindravarman[17]: 95   ? 758–?
Satyavarman[17]: 95  c. 770/87
Indravarman I[17]: 103  c. 787/803
Harivarman I[17]: 103  c. 803/17 > ?
Vikrantavarman III[17]: 104   ? -c. 854
VI Dynasty (of Bhrigu) Indravarman II[17]: 123  c. 854/98
Jaya Sinhavarman I[17]: 123  c. 898/903
Jaya Saktivarman[17]: 123 
Bhadravarman II[17]: 123  fl. 910
Indravarman III[17]: 123  c. 918–959
Jaya Indravarman I[17]: 124  959– < 965
Paramesvaravarman I[17]: 124  Bo-mei-mei-shui Yang Bu-yin-cha (波美美稅楊布印茶)[18] < 965–982
Indravarman IV[17]: 125  982–986's
Liu Ji-zong[17]: 125  Lưu Kế Tông (劉継宗)[19][20][18] c. 986–989
VII Dynasty Harivarman II[17]: 125  Yang Tuo Pai (楊陀排)[19][20][18][21] c. 989–997
Yang Bo Zhan, of Fan[17]: 125  Yang Bozhan (楊波占)[19][20][18][22]  ?
Yang Pu Ku Vijaya[17]: 139  Yan Pu Ku Vijaya Sri (楊甫恭毘施離)[19][20][18] c. 998–1007
Harivarman III[17]: 139  Yang Pu Ju-bi-cha-she-li (楊普俱毘茶室離) [19][20][18] fl. 1010
Paramesvaravarman II[17]: 139  Yang Pu Ju-bi-cha-she-li (楊普俱毘茶室離) [19][20][18] fl. 1018
Vikrantavarman IV[17]: 139  Yang Bu Ju-shi-li (楊卜俱室離) [19][20][18]  ?–?1030
Jaya Simhavarman II[17]: 139  ?1030–?1044
VIII Dynasty (of the South) Jaya Paramesvaravarman I[17]: 140  Ku Sri Paramesvarmadeva Yang Pu (倶舍波微收羅婆麻提楊卜)[19][20][18] 1044–1060
Bhadravarman III[17]: 140   ?–1061
Rudravarman III[17]: 140  1061–1074
IX Dynasty Harivarman IV[17]: 154  1074–1080
Jaya Indravarman II[17]: 154  1080–1081, 1086–1114
Paramabhodhisatva[17]: 154  – 1081–1086
Harivarman V[17]: 164  Yang Bu Ma-die (楊卜麻 曡)[18] 1114–1139
X Dynasty Jaya Indravarman III[17]: 164  1139/45
XI Dynasty Rudravarman IV (Khmer vassal) 1145–1147[17]: 164 
Jaya Harivarman I[17]: 164  1147–1167
Jaya Harivarman II[17]: 165  1167
Jaya Indravarman IV[17]: 165–166  1167–1190, died 1192
XII Dynasty Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Vijaya)[17]: 171  1190–1191
Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Pandurang)[17]: 170–171  1190–1203
Jaya Indravarman V (in Vijaya)[17]: 171  1191
Champa under Cambodian rules 1203–1220
Jaya Paramesvaravarman II[17]: 171  1220–c.1252
Jaya Indravarman VI[17]: 182  c.1252–1257
Indravarman V[17]: 192  1257–1288
Jaya Sinhavarman III 1288–1307
Jaya Sinhavarman IV 1307–1312
Chế Nang (Vietnamese Vassal) 1312–1318
XIII Dynasty Chế A Nan 1318–1342
Trà Hoa Bồ Đề 1342–1360
Chế Bồng Nga (Red king-strongest king) 1360–1390
XIV Dynasty Jaya Simhavarman VI 1390–1400
Indravarman VI 1400–1441
Virabhadravarman 1441–?
Maija Vijaya 1441–1446
Moho Kouei-Lai 1446–1449
Moho Kouei-Yeou 1449–1458
XV Dynasty Moho P'an-Lo-Yue 1458–1460
Tra-Toan 1460–1471
Dynasty of the South Po Ro Me 1627–1651
Po Niga 1652–1660
Po Saut 1660–1692
Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under the Nguyễn lords Po Saktirai da putih 1695–1728
Po Ganvuh da putih 1728–1730
Po Thuttirai 1731–1732
vacant 1732–1735
Po Rattirai 1735–1763
Po Tathun da moh-rai 1763–1765
Po Tithuntirai da paguh 1765–1780
Po Tithuntirai da parang 1780–1781
vacant 1781–1783
Chei Krei Brei 1783–1786
Po Tithun da parang 1786–1793
Po Lathun da paguh 1793–1799
Po Chong Chan 1799–1822

Funan (68–550)

King Reign
Soma (fem.) latter 1st century
Kaundinya I (Hun-t'ien) latter 1st century
 ?
 ?
Hun P’an-h’uang second half of 2nd century
P’an-P’an early 3rd century
Fan Shih-Man c. 205–225
Fan Chin-Sheng c. 225
Fan Chan c. 225 – c. 240
Fan Hsun c. 240–287
Fan Ch’ang c. 245
Fan Hsiung 270 ?–285
 ?
 ?
Chandan (Chu Chan-t’an) 357[17]: 46 
 ?
 ?
Kaundinya II (Chiao Chen-ju)  ?–434
Sresthavarman ? or Sri Indravarman (Che-li-pa-mo or Shih-li-t’o-pa-mo) 434–438[17]: 56 
 ?
 ?
Kaundinya Jayavarman (She-yeh-pa-mo) 484–514
Rudravarman 514–539, died 550
Sarvabhauma ? (Liu-t’o-pa-mo)  ?
 ? c. 550–627

Chenla (550–802)

Order King Reign
1 Bhavavarman I around 550–600
2 Mahendravarman around 600–616
3 Isanavarman I 616–635
4 Bhavavarman II 639–657
5 Candravarman?  ?
6 Jayavarman I around 657–690
7 Queen Jayadevi 690–713
8 Sambhuvarman 713–716
9 Pushkaraksha 716–730
10 Sambhuvarman around 730–760
11 Rajendravarman I around 760–780
12 Mahipativarman around 780–788

Ngưu Hống (11th century – 1433)

Order King Reign
1 Tạo Lò  ?–?
2 Lạng Chượng around 1000–1067
3 Lò Lẹt 1292–1329
4 Con Mường 1329–1341
5 Ta Cằm 1341–1392
6 Ta Ngần 1392–1418
7 Phạ Nhù 1418–1420
8 Mứn Hằm 1420–1441

See also

References

Citations

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    Woodside 1988, p. 10.
  2. [2]
    IFLAI 2013, p. 259.
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    Rochon, Alexis-Marie de (1792). A voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies. p. 302.
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    Whitmore, John K. (2015), "Building a Buddhist monarchy in Dai Viet: Temples and texts under Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127)", in Lammerts, Dietrich Christian (ed.), Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia, ISEAS Publishing, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 283–306, ISBN 978-9-814-51906-9 p. 295
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    Schweyer, Anne-Valérie (2005). "Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie : Le dossier épigraphique". Aséanie. 15: 87–120. doi:10.3406/asean.2005.1847.
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    Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 17
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