The Energy Act 1983 (1983  c. 25) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended the law to facilitate the generation and supply of electricity other than by Electricity Boards. It also obliged Electricity Boards to adopt combined heat and power schemes. It gave statutory status to the Electricity Consumers' Council. The Act defined the duties of persons responsible for nuclear installations and penalties for a breach of those duties.

The Conservative government of the 1980s wished to stimulate the operation of market forces.^[1] The Energy Act was an attempt to realise this by encouraging competition in the electricity industry. As the Secretary of State for Energy, Nigel Lawson, stated in Parliament, the Energy Act ‘carries forward the Government's approach to the nationalised industries and the public sector generally. It is our aim, first, to stimulate the operation of market forces and to encourage competition; secondly, to remove artificial constraints on the private sector; thirdly, to open up the possibility for consumers of a choice of supplier; fourthly, to spur the massive State-owned corporations to greater efficiency; and, fifthly, further to diversify the country's sources of energy supply’.^[2] But he emphasised that the Act ‘is not concerned with the privatisation of the existing nationalised electricity supply industry’; that would come at the end of the decade.^[2] The Act also encouraged the development of industrial combined heat and power schemes.^[3]

The Energy Act 1983 (1983  c. 25)^[4] received Royal Assent on 9 May 1983. Its long title is ‘An Act to amend the law relating to electricity so as to facilitate the generation and supply of electricity by persons other than Electricity Boards, and for certain other purposes; and to amend the law relating to the duties of persons responsible for nuclear installations and to compensation for breach of those duties’.

The purpose of the Part I of the Act was to promote competition in the domestic electricity market by encouraging private generation and supply.^[4] It entitled private generators of electricity to sell their electricity to the local electricity board. It thereby gave them a guaranteed market. It also allowed them to use the public transmission and distribution system.

The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 had opened up the public gas supply system to competition from the private sector. The pipelines of the British Gas Corporation were used to transmit and distribute other suppliers' gas. The Energy Act 1983 extended this approach into the supply of electricity.^[2] It was recognised that the Energy Act 1983 did not have a significant effect.^[1] It did not lead to an increase in private power generation. However, it did set the scene for more radical reforms at the end of the 1980s including the privatisation of the electricity industry implemented from 1989.^[1]

Part II of the Act updated the Nuclear Installations (Amendment) Act 1965, which had subsequently been consolidated into the Nuclear Installations Act 1965.^[5] Over the years the penalties prescribed by the Acts had lost much of their value through inflation. The purpose of the 1983 Act was to restore the real value of the amounts of compensation that the 1965 Act provides for damage caused by nuclear incidents.^[2]

Part III of the Act repealed the whole of the Electric Lighting Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 12) and amended certain sections of the Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 19).          

Sections 1 to 26 of the Energy Act 1983 were repealed by the Electricity Act 1989.

Schedules 1 to 3 of the Energy Act 1983 were repealed by the Electricity Act 1989.

• Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
• Electricity Act 1989
• Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry