Adverb vs adjective

In the general case, adverbs do not function as attributive modifiers in a noun phrase, where adjectives typically do. Conversely, adjectives do not function as modifiers in phrases apart from NPs. So you have the happy child, but not *the happily child and I will happily take it, but not *I will happy take it.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

There are cases, though, in which an adverb may be a non-attributive modifier in a noun phrase (NP), as in the situation recently in Spain.^[1] Also, adverbs may modify whole NPs as with even my neighbour.^[4]: 123 Some adverbs also share pronunciation and spelling with adjectives (e.g., very),^[14] which makes such tests inconclusive; you can't rule out the possibility that a word is an adverb simply because a word spelled that way can be a modifier in an NP. Moreover, not all adjectives can be attributive.^[15]

Morphologically, many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (e.g., easy → easily).^[5]: 405 It's also the case, though, that some adjectives end in -ly (e.g., friendly). There are also at least a few linguists who believe that -ly adverbs are simply an inflectional form of adjectives.^[1][16]

There are two interrogative words how, an adverb and an adjective. The adjective is used only in question such as how was it, where the expected response is an adjective phrase such as good or very interesting.^[4]

Adverb vs intransitive preposition

(see also List of English prepositions § Intransitive prepositions)

Jespersen and others argue that many words traditionally taken to be adverbs are actually prepositions (see § History of the concept in English). Many linguists agree with Jespersen, but most dictionaries and ESL grammars have not adopted these ideas. For example, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary has before as an adverb, preposition, and conjunction.^[11]

If the distinction is accepted, then it becomes important to distinguish between the two groups. A useful starting point is to recognize that many adverbs end in -ly, which clearly distinguishes them from prepositions. Another clarifying difference is that PPs commonly function as complements in a be VP (e.g., the key's in the car), while adverbs cannot normally do so (e.g., *the key's internally).^[4]: 131 Another distinguishing features is that PPs may have right or just as a modifier. In Standard English, adverb phrases do not accept such modification (e.g., it ran right up the tree [PP]; *it ran right vertically [AdvP].)

Adverb vs coordinators

"A number of conjunct adverbs, such as so and yet, resemble coordinators (coordinating conjunctions) both in being connectives and in having certain syntactic features."^[5]: 442 One difference is that many adverbs are quite flexible in the location, while coordinators are not. Consider these examples, where but must appear between the clauses, but however can appear in any one of three different locations.

1. That one's good, but this one's not. [coordinator]
2. That one's good. (however), this one (however) is not (however).

The difference can also be seen in punctuation. In (2), unlike (1), a comma is not possible after good.

Internal structure

AdvPs are usually quite simple in their internal structure. The following syntax tree shows an AdvP with the adverb phrase more as modifier and a head adverb quickly.

Adverb phrases rarely license complements as dependents, but it is possible, as in independently of the others. "Only adverbs with the -ly suffix license direct complements."^[3]: 571

Functions

Adverb phrases function as modifier in a clause or almost any kind of phrase, with the notable exception that they do not function as attributive modifier in noun phrases.^[15] Individual adverbs, however, are usually not that flexible. For example, the adverbs straight and right characteristically function as modifier in PPs but not in AdvP (e.g., right up the tree but not *right vertically).^[3]: 603 Similarly, very characteristically functions as modifier in AdjPs and AdvP but not in VPs (e.g., very happy & very happily, but not *very enjoyed).^[3]: 79 A small number of adverbs modify whole NPs. These include even, only, and alone.^[17]: 27

AdvPs can function as complements to verbs such as treat as in they treated me kindly.^[3]: 224

Interrogatives

There are two interrogative adverbs: how and why. In independent open interrogative clauses, why and how are typically fronted.^[4]: 159

Negation

The words not and never are adverbs that participate in negation (see English clause syntax § Negation).^{[4]: 149  [17]: 423}

Scope

The scope of an adverb is the part of an utterance with which it combines in meaning.^[15] Adverb phrase placement affects the scope. Consider the difference in meaning between the following:

• Quite likely, the award will be won by [the most creative person here].
• The award will be won by [quite likely the most creative person here].

In the first example, the AdvP has scope over the whole clause, while in the second it has scope over only the NP in the by phrase.^[3]: 436

Word formation

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (see above), but a few other adverb forming suffixes are productive. One example is -wise, which combines with a noun to form adverbs such as clockwise, and edgewise.^[19] Many adverbs are simple bases. These include not, well, fast, right, and very.

Comparative and superlative

Only a few adverbs inflect for grade, that is have comparative and superlative forms. These are most common in one or two syllable adverbs derived from adjectives.^[3]: 1584 Some examples are early, earlier, earliest; quickly, quicklier, quickliest, and well, better, best.