Printed ephemera

Commonly, printed ephemera is seen to not exceed "more than thirty-two pages in length", although some understandings are more broadly encompassing.^{[35][36][37][lower-alpha 1]} Ephemera is chiefly observed as single page materials, with variance and repeat characteristics.^[12][38] The material usage of printed ephemera is very often minimal and much are without art, although a distinct design lexicon can be found in pieces.^[6][34] Early ephemera, functionally monochromatic and predominantly textual, indicates a greater access to printing from common people and later cheap photography.^[39][40][41] 17th century ephemera incorporated administrative elements and more visuals.^[42][43] Advertising and information are among the primary elements of ephemera; design elements, which are typically indicative of the period of origin, such as the Renaissance, likely changed in accordance to higher literacy rates.^{[12][44][45][lower-alpha 2]} The prose of ephemera could range from pithy to relatively long (~400 words, for example).^[47] By the 19th century, color printing was present, as were vivid, creative, innovative and ornate design, due to the incorporation of lithography.^[45][48] The modern ephemera of duplicating machines and photocopiers are chiefly informative.^[6] Ephemera's "generic legibility" was achieved through the use of visuals, a quality that was significantly democratised by ephemera.^[40][49]

Various forms of printed ephemera deteriorate quickly, a key element in definitions of ephemera. Although broad, pre-19th century ephemera has seldom survived.^{[3][8][50][46]} Much of ephemera was not intended to be disposed of.^[51] Assignats saw widespread contempt on account of their low-quality, endangering their survival rate.^[52] The temperance movement produced ubiquitous ephemera; some printed ephemera have had production quantities of millions, although quantifying the matter is often reliant upon limited yet vast approximation.^{[53][17][54][lower-alpha 3]} Such temperance ephemera was prominent enough to elicit contemporaneous sentimentality and disdain.^[56] By this point, ephemera was printed by various establishments, having likely become a major element of some.^[39]

The mid-15th century has been identified as the origin of ephemera, following the Printing Revolution.^[8][57] Ephemera, such as religious indulgences, were significant in the early days of printing.^[9][57] The first mass produced ephemera is presumed to be a variant of indulgences (~1454/55).^[58] Demand for ephemera corresponded with an increasing scale of towns whereupon they were commonly dispersed on streets.^[38][59] Ephemera has functioned as a substantial means of disseminating information, evident in public sectors such as tourism, finance, law and recreation and has "aided the proliferation of print media as an exchange of information".^[60][61] In their times, ephemera has been used for documentation, education, belligerence, critique and propaganda.^{[62][63][64][65][66][lower-alpha 4]}

Lottery tickets, playbills and trade cards have been among the most prominent ephemera of eras, such as the Georgian and Civil War eras.^[68][69] Panoramic paintings were a far-reaching class of ephemera, few remaining as a result.^[70] Junk mail is a contemporary example of prominent ephemera.^[61] Ephemera's mundane ubiquity is a relatively modern phenomenon, evidenced by Henri Béraldi's amazed writings on their proliferation.^[71] Ubiquitous descriptions of printed ephemera have extended back to the 1840s and by the turn of the century, a time in which a deluge of ephemera had become commonplace, "readers [were] defined by their relationship with print ephemera".^[72][73][74] Discussing an increase in ephemera by the mid-19th century, E.S Dallas wrote that new etiquette had been introduced, thus "a new era" was to follow, espousing the impression that authorship and literature were no longer hermetic.^[75]

Digital ephemera

In 1998, librarian Richard Stone wrote that the internet "can be seen as the ultimate in ephemera with its vast amount of information and advertising which is extremely transitory and volatile in nature, and vulnerable to change or deletion".^[5] Multiple academics have described digital ephemera as being possibly more vulnerable than traditional forms.^[50][76] Internet memes and selfies have been described as forms of ephemera and various modern print ephemera features a digital component.^[77][78] Commonly printed ephemera increasingly only manifests digitally.^[79] The Tate Library defines "e-ephemera" as the digital-born content and paratext of an email, typically of a promotional variety, produced by cultural institutions; similar in nature, monographs, catalogues and micro-sites are excluded, per being considered e-books.^[77] Websites, such as those of an administrative nature, have seen description as ephemera.^[80][81] The likes of Instagram feature accounts dedicated to displaying graphically-designed ephemera.^[82]

Digital ephemera is of comparable nature to printed ephemera, although it is even more prevalent and subject to altering perceptions of ephemera.^[79][83][84] Holly Callaghan of the Tate Library noted a proliferation of "e-ephemera"; an increased reliance upon this form of ephemera has engendered concern, with note to later accessibility and a difficultly to those outside of the intended recipients.^[77][85][86] Citing ostensibly infinite digital storage, Wasserman said that the category, ephemera, may cease to exist, its contents have being ultimately preserved.^[87]

Academia

The study of print ephemera has seen much contention; various viewpoints and interpretations have been proposed from scholars, with comparisons to folklore studies and popular culture studies, due to the invoking of "remembrance and echoed retellings" and contending that which is more prestigious, respectively.^[4][5][107] Literature around ephemera concern its production, varieties: trade cards, broadside ballads, chapbooks, almanacs, and newspapers; scholars predominately examine ephemera post-19th century due to greater quantities thereof.^{[38][59][108]} A significant amount of scholars have been collectors, archivists and amateurs, particularly at the inception of ephemera studies, a now burgeoning academic field.^{[37][109][110]} Digitisation of ephemera has provided accesiblity and spurred renewed interest, following the "few writings" present at the start of the 21st century.^{[94][111][112]}

As a source, ephemera has been widely accepted.^[57] Ephemera has been credited with illustrating social dynamics, including daily life, communication, social mobility and the enforcement of social norms.^[6][57] Furthermore, varied cultures from differing groups can be assessed via ephemera.^{[6][19][33][57][113][lower-alpha 6]} Ephemera, to Rickards, documents "the other side of history...[which] contains all sorts of human qualities that would otherwise be edited out".^[109]