Reference:

• Chapter 48, "SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES" in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003) Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach , Elsevier/Saunders, pp. 1,300 ISBN : 1-4160-2328-3 .

Explanation

• Thyroglobulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and follows the secretory pathway to enter the colloid in the lumen of the thyroid follicle by exocytosis .
• Meanwhile, a sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter pumps iodide (I ^- ) actively into the cell, which previously has crossed the endothelium by largely unknown mechanisms.
• This iodide enters the follicular lumen from the cytoplasm by the transporter pendrin , in a purportedly passive manner. ^[1]
• In the colloid, iodide (I ^- ) is oxidized to iodine (I ⁰ ) by an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase .
• Iodine (I ⁰ ) is very reactive and iodinates the thyroglobulin at tyrosyl residues in its protein chain (in total containing approximately 120 tyrosyl residues).
• In conjugation , adjacent tyrosyl residues are paired together.
• The entire complex re-enters the follicular cell by endocytosis .
• Proteolysis by various proteases liberates thyroxine and triiodothyronine molecules, which enter the blood by largely unknown mechanisms.

Additional references for details