Early history

Although it is thought the area has had human settlements since pre-historic times, evidence of human activity prior to the Roman period is sparse.^[6][7]

Evidence from the Roman period, however, is abundant.^[6][7] The exact nature of the Roman settlements is undetermined, though there is evidence that the area was occupied until the end of the 4th or 5th century and, according to the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society (LAMAS) "it produced large quantities of Roman pottery, coins, burials, ditches, pits and animal bones, particularly of cattle".^[7]

Pye Road, the main Roman road linking London to Colchester, passed through the area and would likely have crossed the river Lea at what is now Fish Island, though the nature or exact location of the crossing point is not fully understood.^[7]

Immediately after the Roman period, little is known of what became of the local settlements. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the wider area is known Old Ford and is listed as part of the Manor of Stepney and remained as such until at least the early 1300s.^[7]

At some point the Roman road and crossing will have fallen into disrepair,^[7] though the area remained the main crossing point between London and Essex until the early 12th century, at which point a stone bridge was constructed approximately half a mile downstream.^{[1][6][7][8][9]}

There are few historical references of the area from the medieval and post-medieval periods. The first known map of the area, from 1665, shows what is now Fish Island as an undeveloped marshland only sparsely populated.^[7]

Industrialisation

In the late 18th and early 19th century, the Hackney Cut and the Hertford Union Canal were cut into the local marshes and a series of railway lines were established through the area^[1][7][9] which precipitated the shift from rural to industrial.^[6] Crown Wharf, the oldest industrial site in the area, was developed from 1853 onwards, with a wallpaper works located there by E.M. Coley and an ironworks subsequently being established next door.^[1] Toxic processing plants for commodities such as crude oil and coal tar were set up along the Hertford Union Canal. These factories were soon followed by others using these materials to produce things like printing ink, rubber and dry cleaning. The waterways were a vital part of this industry, allowing for raw materials and finished products to be moved to and from the docks.^[1][6][8] It was at one point London's largest waterside industrial area.^[1]

In 1865, a 30-acre plot of surplus railway land in the area was purchased by the Imperial Gas Light & Co. in order to establish a new gasworks. However, a decision was made to set up the new works in a different location and so the land was sold on to the Gas Light and Coke Company (separate company). They instead used the land to build a factory town comprising a series of small houses and multi-storey factories and a network of new roads. These roads were given the names of fresh water fish (Dace, Bream, Roach) and, as the local area had been known to residents as "the Island", it eventually became known as Fish Island.^{[1][6][8][10]}

By the end of the 19th century, Fish Island had become an area of intense and diverse industrial activity, often dangerous or noxious in nature.^[1][6][8] At this time the area had a population of approximately 6,000 inhabitants, mostly consisting of local workers and their families and although local living conditions were improving towards the beginning of the 20th century, most residents of Fish Island lived in poverty and squalor in makeshift accommodation.^[6][8][11]

During World War II, Fish Island suffered extensive bomb damage with many of the buildings either completely destroyed or seriously damaged.^[1][11]

Post-war and recent regeneration

Following the war, the area changed greatly as local industries shifted to "low employment uses", such as waste disposal, timber yards and warehouses, and much of the population left the area. Houses and local amenities were cleared and converted to industrial use. As a result, by the 1970s, the area became almost exclusively light industrial in nature and was virtually devoid of other uses,^{[1][6][8][11]} with many waste disposal sites and warehouses.

During the 1990s, the area saw an expansion of new creative industries and an influx of artists, who converted old and dilapidated warehouses into studios or lofts. It is claimed that the area had the highest density of artists in Europe in the 1990s and Fish Island, together with neighbouring Hackney Wick, became better known for its local art scene than its industry.^[2]

In the early 2000s, Fish Island received new attention given its proximity to the site of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, the venue for the London 2012 Olympics. Local councils identified Fish Island, together with Hackney Wick, as key areas for regeneration as part of the development for the Olympic Games.^[5][6][9] As a result, the area saw the construction of a number of large residential and mixed use buildings, with more planned for completion in later years.^{[2][8][11][12]} This regeneration of the area and the associated increase in living cost and property prices led many to draw parallels with the gentrification of Shoreditch in the late 1990s, with the Daily Telegraph calling Fish Island "the new Shoreditch" in 2016.^[2][3][4]