Foreign_relations_of_Canada

Foreign relations of Canada

Foreign relations of Canada

Overview of the foreign relations of Canada

The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and nations. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions.[2][3][4] Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions, international organizations, and the work of numerous federal institutions.[5][6] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises.[7] The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) is tasked with gathering and analyzing intelligence to prevent threats such as terrorism, espionage, and foreign interference,[8] while the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) is focused on cyber security and protecting Canada's digital infrastructure.[8]

Diplomatic missions of Canada[1]
  Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission
  Interests section and other representations
  Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions
  Canada

Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship;[9][10] they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.[11][12] Canada also maintains historic and traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France,[13] along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[14] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[15] Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.[1]

Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.[16][17] Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.[18] This resulted in Canada providing the most peacekeepers during the Cold War.[19] Since the 21st Century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.[20] The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN.[21] Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[22] Canada's military currently has over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple operations.[23]

Canada is a member of various international organizations and forums.[24] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958.[25] The country has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[2] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976.[26] The country joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 ,[27] and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[28] As of 2023, Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.[29]

History

Main article: History of Canadian foreign relations

The foreign policies of Canada and its predecessor colonies were under British control until the 20th century. This included wars with the United States in 1775-1783 and 1812–1815. Economic ties with the U.S. were always close. Political tensions arose in the 19th century from anti-British sentiment in the U.S. in the 1860s. Boundary issues caused diplomatic disputes resolved in the 1840s over the Maine boundary. and early 1900s, in the early 20th century over the Alaska boundary. There is ongoing discussion regarding the Arctic. Canada-US relations have been friendly in the 20th and 21st centuries.[30]

Canada participated in Britain's wars, especially the Boer war, World War I and World War II. However, there was a bitter dispute between Francophone and Anglophone Canada during the First World War. Canada had its own seat in the League of Nations but played a small role in world affairs until the 1940s. Since then it has been active in NATO, the United Nations, and in promoting its middle-power status into an active role in world affairs.[31]

Administration

In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions (e.g.: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch [32] or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada[33]). Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own international relations and outreach activities. For example, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence conduct defence diplomacy in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,[34] participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,[35] and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

There are two major elements of Canadian foreign relations, Canada-US relations and multilateralism.

Greg Donaghy, of Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs, argues:

Since taking power in 2006, Prime Minister Harper's government has clearly abandoned the liberal internationalism that had so often characterized Ottawa's approach to world affairs, replacing it with a new emphasis on realist notions of national interest, enhanced capabilities, and Western democratic values.[36][relevant?]</ref>

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the Department of Global Affairs, which is run by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, a position currently held by Melanie Joly. Traditionally the Prime Minister has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions. Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the Canadian International Development Agency, has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.[37]

Foreign aid

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing earthquake relief in Montreal, 25 January 2010

Canada's foreign aid was administered by the Canadian International Development Agency, which provided aid and assistance to other countries around the world through various methods. In March 2013 CIDA ceased to exist when it was folded into DFAIT, creating DFATD.[37] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. However a growing focus on development, defence, and diplomacy in recent decades has produced a concentration of foreign aid funding to countries determined to be security risks to Canadian policy. For example, in 2004–2005 the largest recipients of Canada's official developmental assistance were Afghanistan and Iraq, two nations in conflict with the United States of America and its allies at the time. The structural emphasis on security and industry development has contributed to a fixed foreign policy that generally fails to consider global health and international social and economic inequalities.[38] According to the OECD, 2019 official development assistance from Canada increased 0.5% to US$4.7 billion.[39][failed verification]

In addition, although Canada's foreign aid policies has been moulded with the intentions to be in accordance to the Millennium Development Goals, its focus on human security has slowly shifted away as new policy developments arose. The foreign aid provided by the country became less "people-centered" and less health-related. Canada's contributions have been quite inconsistent with regards to human security, which indicates that the reputation that the country has built throughout the years, in fact, exceeds the country's actual record. Canada's contributions internationally have been detrimental and crucial but it needs redirecting back to its original goals.[38]

Federalism and foreign relations

The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating to 1886 and Quebec's first representative to France, Hector Fabre. Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that.[40] By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.[41]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Canada maintains diplomatic relations with:

More information #, Country ...

Bilateral relations

Africa

More information Country, Formal relations began ...

Americas

More information Country, Formal relations began ...

Asia

More information Country, Formal relations began ...

Europe

More information Country, Formal relations began ...

Oceania

More information Country, Formal relations began ...

Other bilateral and plurilateral relations

One important difference between Canadian and American foreign policy has been in relations with communist governments. Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979). It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist Cuba, despite pressures from the United States.

Arms Control

Main article: Canadian Arms trade
Countries on the Canadian Automatic Firearms Country Control List

Canadian Government guidance for export controls on weapons systems is published by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.[214][215] Automatic Firearms Country Control List, comprises a list of approved export nations which include as of 2014; (Albania, Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States).

Selected dates of diplomatic representation abroad

Multilateralism

Further information: Canadian peacekeeping
Constable Lorant Haged, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and instructor at the leadership and management course, looks at a target after the Afghan National Police (ANP) ceased fire at a 9mm familirization range 3 Dec.. The ANP are attending a six-month Leadership and Management course where they will also take a criminal Investigation course, leadership and management classes and Rule of Law. The intent of the school is teach the ANP officers and leaders at an advanced level of training that will help them become more effective in running police sub-stations.

Canada is and has been a strong supporter of multilateralism. The country is one of the world's leading peacekeepers, sending soldiers under the U.N. authority around the world.[216] Canadian former Minister of Foreign Affairs and subsequent Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, is credited for his contributions to modern international peacekeeping, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.[217] Canada is committed to disarmament, and is especially noted for its leadership in the 1997 Convention in Ottawa on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines.[218]

In the last century Canada has made efforts to reach out to the rest of the world and promoting itself as a "middle power" able to work with large and small nations alike. This was demonstrated during the Suez Crisis when Lester B. Pearson mollified the tension by proposing peacekeeping efforts and the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts.[219]

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the Vietnam War or the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, but does join in sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, Afghanistan and Libya. It participated with its NATO and OAS allies in the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti respectively.

Despite Canada's track record as a liberal democracy that has embraced the values of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Canada has not been involved in any major plan for Reform of the United Nations Security Council; although the Canadian government does support UN reform, in order to strengthen UN efficiency and effectiveness.[220]

Canada hosted the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City.

Canada is working on setting up military bases around the world, while reducing aid and diplomatic efforts.[221][222] In the late 90s, Canada actively promoted the notion of human security as an alternative to business-as-usual approaches to foreign aid. However, by invoking the "three Ds" (defense, diplomacy, and development) as the fundamental basis for Canadian foreign policy, and then implementing this in a manner that conforms more to military security and trade interests, Canada has successfully distanced itself from the humanitarian objectives of foreign aid, with the human security goal far from being achieved. [223] Under the Harper government, emphasis on promoting Canada's military presence internationally has included an effort to rebrand Canada historically as a "warrior nation", in large measure to counter the image of only supporting peacekeeping and multilateralism.[224]

Canada’s relations within the Americas

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000.

Canada–Caribbean relations

Main article: Canada–Caribbean relations

Many Caribbean Community countries turn to Canada as a valued partner.[225] Canadians, particularly Canadian banks and utility companies play an important economic role in the development of former British West Indies colonies. Efforts to improve trade have included the idea of concluding a free trade agreement to replace the 1986 bilateral CARIBCAN agreement. At various times, several Caribbean countries have also considered joining Canadian Confederation as new provinces or territories, although no Caribbean nation has implemented such a proposal. Note that many Caribbean countries are also involved in the Commonwealth of Nations, below.

Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

Main articles: Canada–United Kingdom relations, Canada–New Zealand relations, and Australia–Canada relations

Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the Commonwealth.

Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations

Main articles: Canada–European Union relations and Transatlantic relations

Canada is an active participant in discussions stemming from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

International organizations

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper at 2015 G7 summit with Shinzō Abe, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, François Hollande, David Cameron, and Matteo Renzi in Bavaria, Germany.

Canada is a member of the following organizations:[226]

Relations with international groups

More information Organization, Main article ...

Organizations with headquarters in Canada

Major treaties signed in Canada

Territorial and boundary disputes

Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada
Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada

Canada and the United States have negotiated the boundary between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the International Court of Justice ruled on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine. Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, but accepted a 1992 International Court of Arbitration ruling.

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island).

Arctic disputes

Northwest Passage routes

A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage (the sea passages in the Arctic).[citation needed] Canada's assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an international strait (international waters). Canadians were incensed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker Polar Sea in 1985, both without asking for Canadian permission.[citation needed] In 1970, the Canadian government enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) zone. In response, the Americans in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada.... Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada." However the agreement did not alter either country's basic legal position. Essentially, the Americans agreed to ask for the consent of the Government of Canada without conceding that they were obliged to. In January 2006, David Wilkins, the American ambassador to Canada, said his government opposes Stephen Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters.[227]

Along with other nations in the Arctic Council, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia, the maritime boundaries in the far north will be decided after countries have completed their submissions, due in 2012. Russia has made an extensive claim based on the Russian position that everything that is an extension of the Lomonosov Ridge should be assigned to Russia.[228][229] Their submission had been rejected when first submitted by the United Nations in 2001.[230] The regions represent some of the most extreme environments on Earth yet there is a hope for hypothetically commercially viable oil and gas deposits.

In June 2019, the U.S. State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus said the US "view Canada’s claim that the waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law."[231]

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts Accredited to Canada". GAC. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. [2]
    Chapnick, Adam (2011). The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1.
  3. [3]
    Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. (2017). Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989. Societas. Neriton, Wydawnictwo. p. 39. ISBN 978-83-7638-792-5.
  4. [4]
    Munton, Don; Keating, Tom (2001). "Internationalism and the Canadian Public". Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. 34 (3). Canadian Political Science Association: 517–549. doi:10.1017/S0008423901777992. ISSN 0008-4239. JSTOR 3233002. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  5. [5]
    Sens, Allen; Stoett, Peter (2013). Global Politics (5th ed.). Nelson Education. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-17-648249-7.
  6. [6]
    "Plans at a glance and operating context". Global Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  7. [7]
    "Canada and the Sustainable Development Goals". Social Development Canada. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023.
  8. [8]
    Lowenthal, M.M. (2019). Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. SAGE Publications. pp. 480, 482. ISBN 978-1-5443-5836-9.
  9. [9]
    "Canada and the United States". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023.
  10. [10]
    Nord, D.C.; Weller, G.R. Canada and the United States: An Introduction to a Complex Relationship. p. 14.
  11. [11]
    Carment, D.; Sands, C. (2019). Canada–US Relations: Sovereignty or Shared Institutions?. Canada and International Affairs. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-3-030-05036-8.
  12. [12]
    Haglung, David G (Autumn 2003). "North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security". Orbis. 47 (4): 675–691. doi:10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3.
  13. [13]
    Morrison, Katherine L. (2008). "The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection". International Journal of Canadian Studies (in French) (37). Consortium Erudit: 177. doi:10.7202/040800ar. ISSN 1180-3991.
  14. [14]
    James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J (eds.). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3.
  15. [15]
    Goddard, Lance (2005). Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands. Dundurn Press. pp. 225–232. ISBN 978-1-55002-547-7.
  16. [16]
    Sorenson, David S.; Wood, Pia Christina (2005). The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era. Psychology Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7146-8488-8.
  17. [17]
    Sobel, Richard; Shiraev, Eric; Shapiro, Robert (2002). International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis. Lexington Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7391-0480-4.
  18. [18]
    Morton, Desmond (1999). A military history of Canada (4th ed.). McClelland & Stewart. pp. 130–158, 173, 203–233, 258. ISBN 978-0-7710-6514-9.
  19. [19]
    Dorn, Walter (17 March 2013). "Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth" (PDF). Royal Canadian Military Institute. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  20. [20]
    Lauri Johnson; Reva Joshee (2007). Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States. UBC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7748-1325-9.
  21. [21]
    Linda McQuaig (2010). Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire. Random House Digital. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-385-67297-9.
  22. [22]
    Farnsworth, Clyde H (27 November 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
  23. [23]
    "Current operations list". National Defence. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
  24. [24]
    "International Organizations and Forums". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  25. [25]
    Wilson, G.A.A. (2012). NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War. Dundurn Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4597-0412-1.
  26. [26]
    Clément, Dominique (2016). Human Rights in Canada: A History. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77112-164-4.
  27. [27]
    McKenna, Peter (2012). Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4426-1108-5.
  28. [28]
    Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities. International Business Publications. 2015. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7397-1615-1.
  29. [29]
    "Expand globally with Canada's free trade agreements". Trade Commissioner. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023.
  30. [30]
    James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7391-5580-6. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  31. [31]
    Juneau, T.; Momani, B. (2022). Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region. University of Toronto Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4875-2847-8. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  32. [32]
    "International Peace Operations". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 14 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017.
  33. [33]
    "Canada Increases Deployments of Correctional Service Officers to Haiti" (Press release). Government of Canada. 13 October 2010.
  34. [34]
    "Canadian Defence Attaché Network". Outcan.forces.gc.ca. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  35. [35]
    For example, through the Military Training and Cooperation Program and its ancillary activities "Military Training Cooperation Program". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  36. [36]
    Donaghy, Greg (9 June 2014). "Introduction – H-Diplo Roundtable Review of Canada and Conflict by Patrick James" (PDF). H-Net. Michigan State University Department of History. p. 2.
  37. [37]
    "Federal budget folds CIDA into Foreign Affairs". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2013.
  38. [38]
    Spiegel, J.M., and R. Huish. 2009. Canadian foreign aid for global health: Human security opportunity lost. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 15 (3):60–84. doi:10.1080/11926422.2009.9673492
  39. [39]
    "Development Co-operation Profiles – Canada". OECD iLibrary. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
  40. [40]
    Hooke, Alfred. "Chapter Sixteen". 30+5: I Know, I was There (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  41. [41]
    Elliot J. Feldman and Lily Gardner Feldman. "The Impact of Federalism on the Organization of Canadian Foreign Policy". Publius. 14 (4, Federated States and International Relations (Autumn, 1984)): 33–59.
  42. [42]
    Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  43. [43]
    "As part of the celebrations of 75 years of diplomatic relations ..." Swiss Consulate in Montreal on Facebook. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  44. [44]
    "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  45. [45]
    "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  46. [46]
    "Indonesian Foreign Minister R.M. Marty M. Natalegawa visited Ottawa Aug. 23 and made a speech to mark the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Canada and Indonesia. He's shown with Indonesian Ambassador Dienne Moehario (Photo: Ulle Baum)". Diplomat & International Canada. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  47. [47]
    "Timeline: Canada's diplomatic relationship with Iran". Global News. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  48. [48]
    "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" [Diplomatic Relations of the Republic of Panama] (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  49. [49]
    "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  50. [50]
    Diplomatic Corps and Consular and Other Representatives in Canada (in English and French). Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. 1970. p. 11. BURUNDI S.Exc. M. Térence NSANZE 27 March/mars 1969
  51. [51]
    "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  52. [52]
    "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" [List of Diplomatic Relations and Visa Abolition Agreements] (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  53. [53]
    "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  54. [54]
    "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  55. [55]
    "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  56. [56]
    "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" [Acknowledgements of independent Slovenia] (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  57. [57]
    "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  58. [58]
    "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  59. [59]
    "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  60. [60]
    Eritrea Update, August 1993-2. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada.
  61. [61]
    "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  62. [62]
    "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  63. [63]
    "Canada-Nauru relations". international.gc.ca. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  64. [64]
    "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  65. [65]
    "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  66. [66]
    "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  67. [67]
    "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  68. [68]
    "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  69. [69]
    Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  70. [70]
    "Canada - South Sudan Relations". Canadainternational.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  71. [71]
    "COOK ISLANDS AND CANADA ESTABLISH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". mfai.gov.ck. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  72. [72]
    "Minister Joly speaks with Niue's Premier and Foreign Affairs Minister" (Press release). Global Affairs Canada. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023. September 13, 2023 ... Yesterday, the Honourable Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, spoke with Niue's Premier and Foreign Affairs Minister, the Honourable Dalton Tagelagi, to mark the establishment of diplomatic relations between Canada and Niue.
  73. [73]
    "Niue Formalises Diplomatic Relations With The Government Of Canada". 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  74. [74]
    Wright Allen, Samantha (31 October 2018). "Angola to close embassy in Canada". Hill Times. Retrieved 5 January 2024. (subscription required)
  75. [75]
    Canada, Global Affairs (20 November 2008). "Canada - Burundi Relations". Gac.
  76. [76]
    "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  77. [77]
    High Commission of Cameroon in Ottawa
  78. [78]
    High Commission of Canada in Yaoundé
  79. [79]
    Canada, Global Affairs (20 November 2008). "Canada - Cabo Verde Relations". Gac.
  80. [80]
    Canada, Global Affairs (18 November 2008). "Canada - Union of the Comoros Relations". Gac.
  81. [81]
    Canada, Global Affairs (18 August 2021). "Canada and Nigeria". GAC.
  82. [82]
    "Canada-Swaziland Relations". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  83. [83]
    "Canada - Lesotho Relations". 20 November 2008.
  84. [84]
    Canada, Global Affairs (27 August 2021). "Canada and South Africa". GAC.
  85. [85]
    "Embassy of Madagascar in Canada". Archived from the original on 22 July 2015.
  86. [86]
    "Canada-Malawi Relations". 17 November 2008.
  87. [87]
    "Canadian embassy in Rabat". Rabat.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 October 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  88. [88]
    "Moroccan embassy in Ottawa". Ambamaroc.ca. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  89. [89]
    Canada, Global Affairs (17 December 2009). "Canadian high commission in Abuja". Gac. Canadainternational.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  90. [90]
    "Nigerian high commission in Ottawa". Nigeriahcottawa.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  91. [91]
    Canada, Global Affairs (9 September 2013). "Embassy of Canada to Senegal". GAC.
  92. [92]
    "Accueil". Ambassade de la République du Sénégal à Ottawa.
  93. [93]
    "Canada-Zambia relations". Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  94. [94]
    "Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada Argentina". Parliament of Canada. Library of Parliament (Canada). Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  95. [95]
    "Embassy of Canada to Argentina and Paraguay". Canada International. Government of Canada. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  96. [96]
    Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada (16 September 2019). "Canada and Antigua and Barbuda". International.gc.ca.
  97. [97]
    Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada (16 September 2019). "Canada and Antigua and Barbuda relations". International.gc.ca.
  98. [98]
    "Canada – Antigua and Barbuda Relations". Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  99. [99]
    "Canada – Bahamas Relations". 20 November 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  100. [100]
    Parraguez, Maria-Luisa (26 March 2008). "Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America". Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA.
  101. [101]
    International relations Archived 28 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, GoG.
  102. [102]
    "Greenland Representation in Washington, D.C."
  103. [103]
    "Guyana's population at risk" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  104. [104]
    "Guyana's exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years". 31 October 2008.
  105. [105]
    "Welcome to the website of the Embassy of Canada in Mexico". 7 December 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  106. [106]
    "Embassy of Mexico in Canada". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  107. [107]
    "Canadian embassy in Panama City". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  108. [108]
    "Panamean embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofpanama.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  109. [109]
    "Paraguayan embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofparaguay.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  110. [110]
    "Canadian embassy in Lima". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  111. [111]
    Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  112. [112]
    James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed." Tagg, "'And, We Burned down the White House, Too': American History, Canadian Undergraduates, and Nationalism," The History Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2004), pp. 309–334 in JSTOR; J. L. Granatstein. Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997).
  113. [113]
    "The world's longest border". Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  114. [114]
    Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations[dead link]. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  115. [115]
    Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations[dead link]. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  116. [116]
    Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations[dead link]. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  117. [117]
    The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela Bilateral Relations Archived 3 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  118. [118]
    Embassy of Venezuela in Canada "Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in Canada". Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007.. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  119. [119]
    "Canada closes its embassy in Venezuela". CBC News. 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023.
  120. [120]
    Canada opens embassy in Armenia
  121. [121]
    "Canada's Economic Relations with China" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009.
  122. [122]
    "China becomes Canada's 2nd-largest trade partner". Chinadaily.com.cn. 15 December 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  123. [123]
    "Huawei arrest: What's happening between Canada and China? | CBC News".
  124. [124]
    "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. 11 July 2019.
  125. [125]
    "India Canada Trade Relations". Maps of India. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  126. [126]
    "India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations". FICCI. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  127. [127]
    "Justin Trudeau Accuses India of a Killing on Canadian Soil". New York Times. 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  128. [128]
    "Canadian embassy in Jakarta". Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  129. [129]
    "Indonesian embassy in Ottawa". Indonesia-ottawa.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  130. [130]
    Ambassade du Japon au Canada: 80ième anniversaire des relations diplomatiques nippo-canadiennes. Archived 1 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  131. [131]
    Foreign Ministry of Japan: Episodes in Japan-Canada Relations.
  132. [132]
    "Canada". Embassy of Canada Bilateral Relations. Government of Canada. 20 November 2008.
  133. [133]
    "Canada - Kyrgyz Republic relations". 20 November 2008.
  134. [134]
    "Embassy of Canada in Lebanon". Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  135. [135]
    "Embassy of Lebanon, Ottawa, Canada". lebanonembassy.ca.
  136. [136]
    "High Commission of Canada to Malaysia". Government of Canada. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  137. [137]
    "Canada-Malaysia Relations". Government of Canada. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  138. [138]
    Nelles, Wayne (December 2000). "Mongolian-Canadian Education, Training and Research Cooperation: A Brief History, 1973–2000". Canadian and International Education. 29 (2): 91. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.
  139. [139]
    "Introduction" (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  140. [140]
    "Canada-Pakistan Relations". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 3 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  141. [141]
    "Canadian embassy in Manila". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  142. [142]
    "Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  143. [143]
    Embassy of Canada in Doha
  144. [144]
    Embassy of Qatar in Ottawa
  145. [145]
    "Canada-Saudi Arabia Relations". Canada International. Government of Canada. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  146. [146]
    "Canada-saudi arabia relations". Canadian Government. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  147. [147]
    "Fact Sheet; Saudi Arabia". Canada International. Government of Canada. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  148. [148]
    "Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada-Saudi Arabia". Parliament of Canada. Library of Parliament; Canada. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  149. [149]
    "Canadian a high commission in Singapore". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  150. [150]
    "Countries and Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  151. [151]
    "Canadian Trade Office in Taipei". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  152. [152]
    "首頁 - 駐加拿大台北經濟文化代表處 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada". www.taiwanembassy.org.
  153. [153]
    Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vancouver OFFICIAL WEBSITE Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  154. [154]
    "首頁 - 駐多倫多台北經濟文化辦事處 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Toronto". www.roc-taiwan.org.
  155. [155]
    "TAITRA overseas offices". Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  156. [156]
    "Embassy of Canada in Bangkok". Thailand.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  157. [157]
    "Royal Thai Embassy in Ottawa". Archived from the original on 1 September 2009.
  158. [158]
    "Relations between Turkey and Canada".
  159. [159]
    "Canadian embassy in Hanoi". Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  160. [160]
    "Canada – Albania Relations". 29 July 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  161. [161]
    "USA and Canada". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  162. [162]
    "Belarus closing Canadian embassy as PM Trudeau condemns regime". CTV News. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  163. [163]
    "Closure of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Canada Source". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Canada. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  164. [164]
    "Welcome Page | Page d'accueil". Dfait-maeci.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  165. [165]
    Bulgarian embassy in Ottawa Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  166. [166]
    "Bulgarian consulate in Toronto". Bgconsultor.com. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  167. [167]
    "Canadian embassy in Zagreb". Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  168. [168]
    "Croatian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.hr. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  169. [169]
    "Canadian embassy in Copenhagen". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  170. [170]
    "Danish embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.um.dk. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  171. [171]
    "Estonian embassy in Ottawa". Estemb.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  172. [172]
    Gazette, The (18 October 2008). "Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  173. [173]
    Paul Wells (30 July 2007). "Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  174. [174]
    "Greek embassy in Ottawa". Greekembassy.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  175. [175]
    "Canadian embassy in Athens". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  176. [176]
    "Canadian embassy in Budapest". Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  177. [177]
    "Hungarian embassy in Ottawa". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  178. [178]
    "Hungarian consulate in Toronto". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008.
  179. [179]
    "Hungarian honorary consulate in Vancouver". Hungarianconsulatebc.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  180. [180]
    "Iceland embassy in Ottawa". Iceland.org. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  181. [181]
    "Iceland Consulate General in Winnipeg". Iceland.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  182. [182]
    "Canada embassy in Reykjavík". Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  183. [183]
    "Canadian embassy in Rome". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  184. [184]
    "Italian embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.esteri.it. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  185. [185]
    "Italian general consulates in Toronto". Constoronto.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  186. [186]
    "Italian general consulates in Vancouver". Consvancouver.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  187. [187]
    "Canada joins international recognition of Kosovo". Canadian Foreign Ministry. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  188. [188]
    "Canadian embassy office in Vilnius". International.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  189. [189]
    "Lithuanian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.lt. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  190. [190]
    "Canadian embassy in Brussels (also accredited to Luxembourg)". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  191. [191]
    Luxembourg embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada) Archived 22 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  192. [192]
    "Maltese Consular Representations Overseas: Canada". Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs. Government of Malta. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  193. [193]
    Canadian embassy in Bucharest Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  194. [194]
    "Romanian Consulate General in Toronto". Romaniacanada.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  195. [195]
    "Canadian embassy in Belgrade". International.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  196. [196]
    "Serbian embassy in Ottawa". Serbianembassy.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  197. [197]
    "Serbian general consulate in Toronto". Gktoronto.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  198. [198]
    "Canadian embassy in Prague (also accredited to Slovakia)". Canada.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  199. [199]
    "Slovak embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.mfa.sk. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  200. [200]
    "Slovenian embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.embassy.si. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  201. [201]
    Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (18 September 2009). "Contact Us". www.canadainternational.gc.ca.
  202. [202]
    "Embassy of Spain in Ottawa".
  203. [203]
    "Consulate-General of Spain in Montreal". Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  204. [204]
    "Consulate-General of Spain in Toronto". Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  205. [205]
    "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". 2.statcan.ca. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  206. [206]
    "Canadian embassy in Bern". Bern.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  207. [207]
    "Swiss embassy in Ottawa". Eda.admin.ch. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  208. [208]
    For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  209. [209]
    The capital of Ukraine (commonly "Kiev" in English) is officially recognized by both the Canadian and Ukrainian governments as Kyiv in all English communications (although not in French).
  210. [210]
    "Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  211. [211]
    Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs,
  212. [212]
    Edmonton, The (20 December 2007). "Edmonton Journal". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  213. [213]
    "Canada – Solomon Islands Relations". 3 June 2009.
  214. [214]
    "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Automatic Firearms Country Control List". 14 October 2020.
  215. [215]
    Automatic Firearms Country Control List SOR/91-575 (PDF) (Report). Minister of Justice. 19 August 2022.
  216. [216]
    "The history of Canadian peacekeeping". CBC. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  217. [217]
    "Biography – Lester Bowles Pearson". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  218. [218]
    "Disarmament – Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention". The United Nations Office at Geneva. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  219. [219]
    "Canada and International Peace Efforts". Veterans Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  220. [220]
    "United Nations Reform". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  221. [221]
    Payton, Laura. "Canada considering international bases: MacKay." CBC News, 2 June 2011.
  222. [222]
    Noormohamed, Taleeb. "How Harper's Foreign Policy is Failing Canada." The Tyee, 2 June 2011.
  223. [223]
    Jerry M. Spiegel & Robert Huish (2009): Canadian foreign aid for global health: Human security opportunity lost, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 15:3, 60–84.
  224. [224]
    McKay, I., & Swift, J. (2012). Warrior Nation: Rebranding Canada in an Age of Anxiety. Between the Lines.
  225. [225]
    "Carrington: lauds Canada as 'special friend' of region". Stabroek Newspaper. In brief remarks at the signing, Secretary-General Carrington expressed appreciation to the Government of Canada for its support, and pointed out that over the years "Canada had proven to be a "special friend" of the Caribbean at the regional and bilateral levels." "Our relations with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have grown to the extent that "it is now considered to be a highly valued international development partner for the region." Among the many important areas in which CIDA has provided grant assistance to the region has been that of trade and competitiveness, a most vital area as the region seeks to secure its place in the international economic and trading arena," the release quoted the Secretary-General as saying.
  226. [226]
    "CIA World Factbook – Canada". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  227. [227]
    Matthew Carnaghan, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006) at Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine; 2006 news at
  228. [228]
    "Russia's Arctic Claim Backed By Rocks, Officials Say". News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  229. [229]
    "Russia Plants Underwater Flag, Claims Arctic Seafloor". News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  230. [230]
    "Staking claim to the Arctic is top priority for Russia, envoy says". CBC News. 12 February 2009.
  231. [231]
    "The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route". Quartz. 27 June 2019.

Further reading

Further information: Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government and Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government
  • Murray, Robert W. and Paul Gecelovsky, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) online
  • Bernstein, Alan (June 2013). "Science Diplomacy as a Defining Role for Canada in the Twenty-First Century". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (2).
  • Bothwell, Robert. Canada and the United States (1992) online
  • Bothwell, Robert. The big chill: Canada and the Cold War (1998) online
  • Bothwell, Robert. Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945-1984 (2007) online
  • Bothwell, Robert and Jean Daudelin eds. Canada Among Nations: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy (2009)
  • Boucher, Jean-Christophe. "Yearning for a progressive research program in Canadian foreign policy." International Journal 69.2 (2014): 213–228. online commentary H-DIPLO
  • Bouka, Yolande, et al. "Is Canada's Foreign Policy Really Feminist? Analysis and Recommendations." Policy 13 (2021). online
  • Bow, Brian, and Andrea Lane, eds. Canadian Foreign Policy: Reflections on a Field in Transition (2020) excerpt
  • Bow, Brian J.; Patrick Lennox (2008). An independent foreign policy for Canada?: challenges and choices for the future. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9634-0.
  • Bugailiskis, Alex, and Andrés Rozental, eds. Canada Among Nations, 2011-2012: Canada and Mexico's Unfinished Agenda (2012) further details
  • Carnaghan, Matthew, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006)
  • Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture (UBC Press, 2016).
  • Collins, Jeffrey F. "Defence Procurement and Canadian Foreign Policy." in The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 275–295.
  • Congressional Research Service. Canada-U.S. Relations (Congressional Research Service, 2021) 2021 Report, by an agency of the U.S. government; not copyright; Updated February 10, 2021.
  • Currie, Philip J., 'Canada and Ireland: A Political and Diplomatic History [Vancouver: UBC Press, 2020]
  • Eayrs, James. In Defence of Canada. (5 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1964–1983) the standard history
  • Fox, Annette Baker. Canada in World Affairs (Michigan State University Press, 1996)
  • Froese, Marc D (2010), Canada at the WTO: Trade Litigation and the Future of Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-4426-0138-3
  • Glazov, Jamie. Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union (2003).
  • Granatstein, J. L., ed. Canadian foreign policy : historical readings (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars online free
  • Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 1-55111-816-5.
  • Hampson, Fen Osler, and James A. Baker. Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy (2018)
  • Hawes, Michael K., and Christopher John Kirkey, eds. Canadian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World (Oxford UP, 2017).
  • Hillmer, Norman and Philippe Lagassé. Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 2017 (2018)
  • Holmes John W. The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order. (2 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1979, 1982)
  • Irwin, Rosalind (2001). Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0863-7.
  • James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. Handbook of Canadian foreign policy (Lexington Books, 2006), essays by experts; 610pp excerpt
  • James, Patrick. Canada and Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2012) H-DIPLO online reviews June 2014
  • Kirk, John M. and Peter McKenna; Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy UP of Florida (1997).
  • Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts
  • Kukucha, Christopher J. "Neither adapting nor innovating: the limited transformation of Canadian foreign trade policy since 1984." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (2018): 1–15.
  • McCormick, James M. "Pivoting toward Asia: Comparing the Canadian and American Policy Shifts." American Review of Canadian Studies 46.4 (2016): 474–495.
  • McCullough, Colin, and Robert Teigrob, eds. Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects (2017).
  • Melnyk, George. Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War University of Calgary Press, 2004, highly critical
  • Michaud, Nelson. "Balancing Interests and Constraints: The Role of Provinces in the Shaping of Canadian Foreign Policy." in Political Turmoil in a Tumultuous World (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 77–104.
  • Miller, Ronnie. Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994)
  • Molot, Maureen Appel. "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", International Journal of Canadian Studies (Spring-Fall 1990) 1#2 pp 77–96.
  • Nossal, Kim Richard et al. International Policy and Politics in Canada (2010), university textbook; online 1989 edition
  • Paris, Roland. "Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era." International Journal 69.3 (2014): 274–307. online
  • Rochlin, James. Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America (University of British Columbia Press, 1994)
  • Sarty, Keigh. “The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy.” International Journal 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: The fragile authoritarians: China, Russia, and Canadian foreign policy. online review
  • Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 1: 1867–1921 (1979), a standard scholarly history
  • Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict, 1921–1948. Vol. 2. (University of Toronto Press, 1981), a standard scholarly history; online
  • Stairs Denis, and Gilbert R. Winham, eds. The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States (University of Toronto Press, 1985)
  • Stevenson, Brian J. R. Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990 (2000)
  • Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2403-6.
  • Tiessen, Rebecca, and Heather A. Smith. "Canada’s ‘Feminist’ Foreign Policy Under the Harper Conservatives (2006–2015) and Trudeau Liberals (2015–2019) in Global Perspective." in The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 117-139.
  • Wildeman, Jeremy. "Assessing Canada’s foreign policy approach to the Palestinians and Israeli-Palestinian peacebuilding, 1979–2019." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.1 (2021): 62-80. online
  • Wildeman, Jeremy. "The Middle East in Canadian foreign policy and national identity formation." International Journal 76.3 (2021): 359-383. online
  • Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; Canada-United States Treaty Relations (Duke University Press, 1963)

Primary Sources
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Foreign_relations_of_Canada, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.