Foreign_relations_of_Syria

Foreign relations of Syria

Foreign relations of Syria

Overview of the foreign relations of Syria

Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbours and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of the Syrian Arab Republic's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen tension with its neighbours, such as Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian Civil War.

Until 2018, due to the Syrian civil war, the Syrian Arab Republic's government was partially isolated from the countries in the region and the wider international community. Diplomatic relations are severed with several countries including: Turkey, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, United States, UK, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, Georgia and Ukraine.[1] In 2011 and 2012, Syria was suspended from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Union for the Mediterranean. Syria is also a full member of the Arab League. Syria is a candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).[2][3]

Syria continues to foster good relations with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia. Other countries that presently maintain good relations with Syria include China, North Korea, Vietnam,[4][5] Fiji, Singapore, Sri Lanka,[6] Laos,[7] Myanmar,[8] Cambodia,[9] Thailand,[10] Philippines,[11] India,[12][13][14] Pakistan,[15] Bangladesh,[16] Malaysia,[17] Indonesia[18] Brunei,[19] Armenia,[20] Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,[21] Kyrgyzstan,[22] Uzbekistan,[10] Turkmenistan,[10] Mongolia,[23] Tajikistan,[24] Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia,[25] Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,[26] Serbia, Montenegro,[27] Vatican City and Belarus.[28]

Syria does not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel and South Korea, but has diplomatic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[29] Syria also maintains relations with autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan.[30]

On 26 February 2023, Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati lawmakers, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon after more than a decade of isolation in the region. Arab states contributed significantly to the relief effort after the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[31]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Syria maintains diplomatic relations with:

More information #, Country ...

Bilateral relations

Africa

Syria has relations with Angola,[164] Cameroon,[165] Eritrea,[166] Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali,[167] Mozambique,[168] Niger, Nigeria,[169][170] Senegal,[171] Somalia,[172] South Africa,[173][174] Uganda,[175] Tanzania[176] and Zimbabwe.[177]

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...

Americas

Syria has diplomatic relations with most Central and South American countries such as Antigua and Barbuda,[218] Argentina,[219] Bolivia,[220] Brazil,[221] Chile,[222] Cuba,[223][224] Ecuador,[225] El Salvador,[226] Grenada,[227] Guatemala,[228] Guyana,[229] Nicaragua,[230] Panama,[231] Paraguay,[232] Peru,[233] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia,[234] Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Suriname,[218] Uruguay[235] and Venezuela.[236]

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...

Asia and Oceania

Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca.

This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led opposition to Egypt and the 1977–79 Sadat initiatives toward Israel, as well as the Camp David Accords. It coincided with the end of the 10-year Arab subsidy to Syria and other front-line Arab countries pledged at Baghdad in 1978. Syria re-established full diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1989. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Syria joined other Arab states in the US-led multinational coalition against Iraq. In 1998, Syria began a slow rapprochement with Iraq, driven primarily by economic needs. In this period, Syria continued to play an active pan-Arab role, which intensified as the Israel-Palestine peace process collapsed in September 2000 with the start of the second Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel. Though it voted in favor of UNSCR 1441 in 2002, Syria was against coalition military action in Iraq in 2003. However, the Syrian government accepted UNSCR 1483 (after being absent for the actual vote), which lifted sanctions on Iraq and established a framework to assist the Iraqi people in determining their political future and rebuilding their economy.

After start of the war in 2011, much of the Middle East condemned Syria's handling of the civil uprising, with only a few countries in the Middle East supporting Syria, most notably Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...

Europe

Main article: Syria–European Union relations

Greece and Cyprus re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first EU countries to do so.[376]

According to the Syrian state news agency, in November 2021, during a visit to the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 in Dubai, the ministerial delegation of Slovenia confirmed unofficially its interest in re-establishing relations with Syria.[377]

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...

Membership in international organizations

Syria is a member of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa,[454] Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development,[455] Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab Parliament, Arab States Broadcasting Union, ALBA (observer), Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization, Asian Parliamentary Assembly,[456] Association of Arab Universities, Bureau International des Expositions, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, European Broadcasting Union (associate member),[457] FEAS, Food and Agriculture Organization, Group of 24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Civil Aviation Organization,[458] International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Development Association,[459] Islamic Development Bank (suspended 2012),[367] International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,[460] International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, IRENA (acceding), International Solar Alliance, International Telecommunication Union, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (suspended 2012),[367] Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (joined 2013, suspended 2021),[461] OTIF, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, UN, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Union for the Mediterranean (suspended 2011),[365] Universal Postal Union, World Bank, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions,[462] World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Syria's two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council ended in December 2003.[463] Syria was elected to the executive of the World Health Organization in 2021.[464][465]

Arab League

Syria was temporarily suspended from the Arab League since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War.[466] Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit.[467] On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha, the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The National Coalition was henceforth granted Damascus' seat at the summit.

This act of recognition was opposed by Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon.[468] On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[469] In late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.[351]

In December 2018, after American president Donald Trump announced the partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, some countries initiated reopening of their diplomatic relations with Syria. Diplomatic relations have returned with Iraq, Saudi Arabia (in 2023), Egypt (after 3 July 2013), Tunisia, UAE (after 2018), Jordan (after 2021),[470] Lebanon (after 2021),[471][472][473] Algeria,[474][475] Mauritania (after 2018),[219] Bahrain (after 2018),[289] Kuwait (after 2018),[476] Libya,[477] Oman,[478][479][480][481] Comoros, Sudan (after 2018),[482] Yemen,[483] Somalia[172] and Palestine.[484]

Following the visit of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, the Arab League initiated the process of readmission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the organization,[485] while the United Arab Emirates reopened their embassy in Syria on 27 December,[486] and Bahrain[487] announced its intentions to reopen their embassies.

After the devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Saudis, Emirati, Algerians, Iraqis and Jordanians contributed significantly to the relief effort. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[31]

On 26 February 2023, President Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati speakers of legislative bodies, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon on behalf of Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, to discuss further cooperation between the Arab states and Syria.[488]

In early April 2023, Saudi Arabia had invited Syria's Assad to the Arab League summit, ending regional isolation. On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrived in Jeddah to meet Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan.[citation needed] After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria," according to the Saudi foreign ministry.[357]

On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.[489]

On 18 April 2023, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan travelled to Damascus, met with Syrian President Assad and discussed further steps. The summit is scheduled for May 19, 2023.[490]

On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership in the Arab League.[491]

Earlier, Kuwait and Qatar had opposed al-Assad's presence at the Arab League summit. The regional normalisation effort had caught the U.S. and its European allies by surprise, as they were opposing an "Arab-led political path" in solving the crisis. According to the statement, al-Assad would be allowed to the meeting on 19 May 2023, if "he wishes to do so". The new political process in Syria was described as the "Jordanian Initiative".[492]

Nevertheless, Syria remains under international sanctions after millions of Syrians had been displaced or sought refuge in Arab and European countries during the war. The changes to the relations between Syria and other Arab States would allow many of them to return to their homeland, according to the announcements made earlier by Jordanian and Saudi officials.[493]

International disputes

Notes

  1. Syria and Egypt formed together the United Arab Republic from 22 February 1958, to 28 September 1961. Syria regained its independence on September 28, 1961, and Egypt kept the name "United Arab Republic" until 1971.

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "Assad Takes a Page Out of Russia's Book in His War Against Rebels". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  2. [2]
    Nikola Miković (26 February 2022). "Iran wants to join the Eurasian Economic Union — but will Russia allow it?". Arab News. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  3. [3]
    "Standard economic model set to evaluate influence of joining the EEU on economic indicators". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  4. [4]
    "Al-Moallem Receives Credentials of Vietnam's Non-Resident Ambassador to Syria". Syria Times. 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  5. [5]
    "Syria, Vietnam discuss cooperation, latest developments". SANA. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  6. [6]
    "President al-Assad receives two cables of congratulation from Presidents of Armenia and Sri Lanka on winning presidential elections". SANA. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  7. [7]
    "Lao President receives credentials of Syria's non-resident ambassador". SANA. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  8. [8]
    "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from leaders of Myanmar and Abkhazia". SANA. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  9. [9]
    "King of Cambodia accepts credentials of Mustafa as non-resident Ambassador from Syria to his country". SANA. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  10. [10]
    "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day". SANA. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  11. [11]
    "Philippines Embassy thanks Syria for its efforts that helped bring back 22 women of its nationals". SANA. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  12. [12]
    "India forming international will to combat terrorism imperative". Syria Times. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  13. [13]
    "Syrian TV - India stresses need for international will against terrorism". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  14. [14]
    "Ahead with Efforts to Combat Terrorism and for a Political Solution to Crisis". Syria Times. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  15. [15]
    "President al-Assad Sends Letter to President of Pakistan Delivered by Mikdad". Syrian TV. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  16. [16]
    "Mikdad receives credentials of Subhani as a non-resident Ambassador of Bangladesh". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  17. [17]
    "Update-President al- Assad receives cables of congratulation from presidents of Federal Russia, Belarus, UAE, Iran, Abkhazia, Palestine and king of Malaysia on Evacuation day". Syrian Arab News Agency. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  18. [18]
    "Syria, Indonesia discuss mechanisms to develop parliamentary relations". Syria Times. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  19. [19]
    "President al-Assad receives congratulation cable from Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on winning presidential elections". Syrian Arab News Agency. SANA. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  20. [20]
    "Armenian President: Syria will defeat terrorism | Syrian Arab News Agency". Sana.sy. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  21. [21]
    "Syria, Kazakhstan discuss means to invigorate relations in different domains". Sana.sy. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  22. [22]
    "Mikdad discusses with foreign ministers of Venezuela, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus relations and developments". Sana.sy. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  23. [23]
    "Mongolian President pleased with Syria's success in clearing most of its territory from terrorism". Sana.sy. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  24. [24]
    "Tajikistan to develop ties with Syria at various levels, Tajik envoy says". Sana.sy. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  25. [25]
    "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  26. [26]
    "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties". 11 September 2019.
  27. [27]
    "Syria* Diplomatic Missions to Montenegro and visa regimes for citizens of Montenegro". gov.me. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  28. [28]
    "Azzam Coveys Message from President Al-Assad to His Belarusian Counterpart on Bilateral Ties". Syria Times. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  29. [29]
    "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  30. [30]
    "Syrian minister to visit Kurdistan Region in bid to boost tourism ties". Rudaw. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  31. [31]
    "Syria's Assad meets senior Arab lawmakers in Damascus". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  32. [32]
    "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 16 JUNE, 1942" (PDF). p. 2652. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  33. [33]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 33. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  34. [34]
    Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  35. [35]
    "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  36. [36]
    World Biography - Volume 1. Institute for Research in Biography. 1947. p. 180.
  37. [37]
    Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. 2006. pp. 126–132.
  38. [38]
    "CHILE: Relaciones bilaterales de Chile con el Mundo Árabe". arabe.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  39. [39]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  40. [40]
    "Cria uma Legação nas Repúblicas do Líbano e da Síria. Decreto nº 19.901, de 13 de Novembro de 1945". lexml.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  41. [41]
    "Syrian Arab Republic". Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  42. [42]
    "Acuerdo por Canje de Notas entre la República Argentina y la República de Siria sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  43. [43]
    "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria". eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  44. [44]
    "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  45. [45]
    Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121-150 (in French). 1946. 23 December 2023. p. 3990.
  46. [46]
    Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. p. 529.
  47. [47]
    "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  48. [48]
    "SYRIA". Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  49. [49]
    Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  50. [50]
    Diario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay Vol. 24 (in Spanish). 1947. p. 57.
  51. [51]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  52. [52]
    "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  53. [53]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  54. [54]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  55. [55]
    "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume VI (31 maggio - 14 dicembre 1947)" (in Italian). p. 1021. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  56. [56]
    Lleonart y Amsélem, Alberto J. (1985). España y ONU. La Cuestión española. Tomo III (1948-49). Estudios introductivos y corpus documental, Volume 3 (in Spanish). CSIC Press. p. 378. ISBN 9788400060695. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  57. [57]
    "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  58. [58]
    "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  59. [59]
    The Middle East Volume 1. Europa Publications. 1948. p. 292. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  60. [60]
    "70 years of Indonesia – Jordan relations towards a genuine and solid partnership". The Jordan Times. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  61. [61]
    India News Bulletin. Embassy of India. 1950. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  62. [62]
    "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES V DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  63. [63]
    "Q&A: Christina Markus Lassen Danish Ambassador to Syria". Syria Today. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  64. [64]
    Bülent Gökay, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2006). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. p. 311.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. [65]
    British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
  66. [66]
    British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
  67. [67]
    "Syrien: Überblick". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  68. [68]
    "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  69. [69]
    "Finland and Syria". finlandabroad.fi. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  70. [70]
    "Bulletin d'information 1953 (Mai-Juin-Juillet)" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 97. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  71. [71]
    "Political Relations". Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  72. [72]
    "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  73. [73]
    Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 100.
  74. [74]
    "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  75. [75]
    "สาธารณรัฐอาหรับซีเรีย (MFA Thailand in Thai)".
  76. [76]
    The Middle East Journal - Volumes 10-11. Middle East Institute. 1956. p. 423.
  77. [77]
    "67 years passed and the Syrian Chinese ties towards greater hardness and strength". SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  78. [78]
    Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 50.
  79. [79]
    "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  80. [80]
    Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts 206-210. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960. p. 17.
  81. [81]
    Mideast Mirror. 1962. p. 18.
  82. [82]
    "Today in Kuwait's History, October 24, 2005". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 24 October 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  83. [83]
    The Middle East 1963. Europa Publications Limited, London. p. 380.
  84. [84]
    Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233-234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964.
  85. [85]
    Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 243-244. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 10.
  86. [86]
    Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto presentada a la Asamblea Legislativa por el ... Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Costa Rica. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1962. p. 110.
  87. [87]
    Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 355-366 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965. ... Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre la Syrie et le Sénégal
  88. [88]
    Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  89. [89]
    Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 22-23, Issues 57-63 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1965. p. 305.
  90. [90]
    "Syria and Cuba, 57 years of historic relations (+Photos)". Prensa Latina. 13 August 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  91. [91]
    Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 371.
  92. [92]
    Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (in French). Karthala. p. 520.
  93. [93]
    "Asia". Government of Vietnam. April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  94. [94]
    "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  95. [95]
    Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain Volume 23 (in French). G.P. Maisonneuve. 1966. p. 45. ... 13 septembre ETABLISSEMENT DE RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES , au rang d'ambassade , avec la Tanzanie et le Niger ( Ba'th , 14 septembre )
  96. [96]
    "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 4-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  97. [97]
    "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  98. [98]
    Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
  99. [99]
    Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969.
  100. [100]
    "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  101. [101]
    Chronologie politique africaine Volume 11 (in French). Centre d'étude des relations internationales. 1970. p. 23. 22 mai - Etablissement de relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades entre la Syrie et Maurice, selon un communiqué syrien.
  102. [102]
    "Talks Between deputy prime minister and Syrian high officials: Stability and security in the Mediterranean on the agenda". 15 April 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  103. [103]
    Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 6.
  104. [104]
    Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1-172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
  105. [105]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1972. p. 38.
  106. [106]
    "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1973. Выпуск семнадцатый. Зарубежные страны: Мексика-Япония" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  107. [107]
    "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  108. [108]
    News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 23.
  109. [109]
    "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  110. [110]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 11.
  111. [111]
    "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  112. [112]
    "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  113. [113]
    Hutton, Pierre (1996), "Chapter 2: Iraq, Syria and Jordan", The Legacy of Suez, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 18 November 2016
  114. [114]
    Middle East Economic Digest Volume 19. 1975. p. 10.
  115. [115]
    Middle East Economic Digest Volume 19. 1975. p. 10.
  116. [116]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1975. p. 448.
  117. [117]
    Revista de política internacional - Issues 140-142 (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. 1975. p. 319.
  118. [118]
    Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3841.
  119. [119]
    "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  120. [120]
    "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  121. [121]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p. 95.
  122. [122]
    "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1978. Выпуск двадцать второй. Зарубежные страны в 1977" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 353. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  123. [123]
    Directory of Albanian officials. CIA. 1988. pp. 41–47. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  124. [124]
    Daily Report Middle East & North Africa. Index · Volume 2, Issues 1-2. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 108.
  125. [125]
    Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 24. 1980. p. 39.
  126. [126]
    "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  127. [127]
    Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  128. [128]
    Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. pp. 319–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  129. [129]
    "República Árabe de Siria". gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  130. [130]
    Daily Report, Near East & South Asia, 5 (2). NewsBank. 1993. p. 772.
  131. [131]
    "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  132. [132]
    "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  133. [133]
    "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  134. [134]
    "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  135. [135]
    "Syrian Arab Republic". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  136. [136]
    "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  137. [137]
    "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  138. [138]
    "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  139. [139]
    "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  140. [140]
    "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  141. [141]
    "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  142. [142]
    "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  143. [143]
    "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  144. [144]
    "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  145. [145]
    "Cooperation in Political Sphere". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  146. [146]
    Eritrea Update, June 1994. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. pp. Page 3.
  147. [147]
    "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  148. [148]
    "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  149. [149]
    Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  150. [150]
    "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  151. [151]
    "Diplomatic relations between Syrian Arab Republic and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  152. [152]
    "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2002" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2004. pp. 657–667. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  153. [153]
    "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 1 November 2006". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  154. [154]
    "Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2016/2017" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kenya. p. 8. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  155. [155]
    "RD formaliza relaciones diplomáticas con Siria".
  156. [156]
    "The countries formally opened diplomatic ties for the first time since their independence more than 60 years ago. (France 24)". 15 October 2008.
  157. [157]
    "Bolivia y Siria trabajan para restablecer sus relaciones diplomáticas". ANF. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  158. [158]
    "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  159. [159]
    "On May 29, 2018, the Republic of Abkhazia and the Syrian Arab Republic announced on mutual recognition and the establishment of diplomatic relations". mfaapsny.org. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  160. [160]
    "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  161. [161]
    "Bashar al-Assad Hosts Anatoly Bibilov". Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  162. [162]
    "Leader of breakaway South Ossetia meets Assad in Syria". Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  163. [163]
    "Dominica suspends diplomatic relations with Syria indefinitely". 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  164. [164]
    "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting". SANA. 12 October 2021.
  165. [165]
    "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from presidents of China, Belarus and Cameroon on occasion of Independence Day". SANA. 20 April 2017.
  166. [166]
    Eritrea Update, June 1994. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. p. Page 3.
  167. [167]
    "Syria and Mali political situations; African Union Commission Chairperson's appointment: Department of International Relations briefings | PMG".
  168. [168]
    "Lavrov: Terrorist groups surface in areas where US forces are deployed in al-Tanf and al-Rukban Camp". SANA. 28 May 2018.
  169. [169]
    "Nigeria calls for lifting all sanctions imposed on Syria". SANA. 22 March 2022.
  170. [170]
    "Mikdad receives credentials of charge d' affaires of Nigerian Embassy in Damascus". 2 November 2021.
  171. [171]
    "Exhibition held for Syrian products in Dakar". SANA. 17 August 2018.
  172. [172]
    "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting". SANA. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  173. [173]
    "Al-Moallem briefs the visiting South African delegation on escalating terror threats and countries' involvement | Syrian Arab News Agency". Sana.sy. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  174. [174]
    "President al-Assad warns of the "international problem" of terrorism, refers to BRICS role to unify anti-terror efforts | Syrian Arab News Agency". Sana.sy. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  175. [175]
    "US Imposes Sanctions on People in Iran, Syria and Uganda, Citing Rights Abuses". 7 December 2021.
  176. [176]
    "Tanzania Supports Syria in Fighting Terrorism". Syrian TV. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  177. [177]
    "Zimbabwe stands by Syria". herald.co.zw. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  178. [178]
    Mideast Mirror. 1962. p. 18.
  179. [179]
    "Syrian- Algerian relations are distinguished in all fields, Algerian Ambassador in Damascus". SANA. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  180. [180]
    World Biography - Volume 1. Institute for Research in Biography. 1947. p. 180.
  181. [181]
    "Egypt and Syria to keep consulate relations: FM spokesperson - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  182. [182]
    "Egypt to cut diplomacy with Syria". BBC News. 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  183. [183]
    "In Advance Of Arab League Summit In Jordan, Calls In Arab Countries To Reinstate Syria's League Membership; Syrian Writers Reject Calls For Reinstatement, Saying Syria Will Return Only If Arab League Apologizes To It". MEMRI. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  184. [184]
    "موقع وزارة الخارجية والمغتربين- الجمهورية العربية السورية". mofaex.gov.sy. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  185. [185]
    "Syria Protesters: Gaddafi Is Gone, Assad Will Follow". The Huffington Post. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  186. [186]
    "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session". UN General Assembly. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  187. [187]
    "Gadhafi: His government won't be ousted". UPI. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  188. [188]
    "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  189. [189]
    İpek Yezdani (20 October 2011). "Syria dissidents secure Libya embassy promise". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  190. [190]
    "Syria, Libya discuss bilateral relations, means to reactivate them in different domains". SANA. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  191. [191]
    Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (in French). Karthala. p. 520.
  192. [192]
    "Syrian Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania".
  193. [193]
    "Mauritania affirms good ties with Syria's Assad regime".
  194. [194]
    "Moroccan Embassy in Syria Sets Up Crisis Unit Following Deadly Earthquake".
  195. [195]
    Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 371.
  196. [196]
    "Consulate of Syria in Lagos, Nigeria".
  197. [197]
    "States recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (in Arabic). Official Website of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  198. [198]
    Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 355-366 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965. ... Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre la Syrie et le Sénégal
  199. [199]
    Kinda Al Mahmoud /Baraa Ali (7 November 2022). "Before President al-Assad, several Syrian Ambassadors sworn in". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  200. [200]
    Fedaa al-Rhayiah / Hala Zain (21 January 2023). "Senegal President expresses desire to strengthen bilateral relations with Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  201. [201]
    Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 243-244. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 10.
  202. [202]
    "IRAQ & SYRIA: PRESIDENT BARRE OF SOMALIA CONTINUES TOUR OF ARAB A??? ISLAMIC STATES". British Pathé. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  203. [203]
    "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  204. [204]
    "Syria [ Arab Republic of ] Embassy | South African Government".
  205. [205]
    "Syria, South Africa to enhance parliamentary, economic cooperation". 15 November 2021.
  206. [206]
    Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 50.
  207. [207]
    "Embassy of Syria in Khartoum, Sudan".
  208. [208]
    "Embassy of Sudan in Damascus, Syria".
  209. [209]
    "Sudan's president becomes first Arab League member to visit Syria since 2011". The Independent. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  210. [210]
    "Embassy of Syria in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania".
  211. [211]
    "السفير عبد الهادي يطلع سفير تونس في سورية عل مستجدات القضية الفلسطينية". Al Watan online. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  212. [212]
    Damien McElroy "Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria" Daily Telegraph 5 Feb 2012
  213. [213]
    "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win". France24. 23 October 2019.
  214. [214]
    "Tunisian president decides to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria". Reuters. 9 February 2023.
  215. [215]
    "Syria, Tunisia Reestablish Diplomatic Relations". VOA News. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  216. [216]
    News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 23.
  217. [217]
    صباغ يبحث مع نظيريه الكوري الديمقراطي والفنزويلي العلاقات الثنائية
  218. [218]
    "ALBA countries reiterate their support to Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  219. [219]
    "President al-Assad accepts credentials of new Ambassadors of Mauritania, Argentina". Syrian Arab News Agency. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  220. [220]
    "Shaaban Discusses Syria's Friendly Relations with Bolivia, Iran". Syria Times. 28 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  221. [221]
    "Syrian-Brazilian talks to boost economic, trade relations". Syrian Arab News Agency. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  222. [222]
    "On behalf of President al-Assad, Sabbagh congratulates Chile's President on his inauguration ceremony". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  223. [223]
    "Anniversary of Establishing Syrian-Cuban Diplomatic Relations Celebrated". Syria Times. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  224. [224]
    "Presidential Affairs Minister Offers Condolences to Cuban President over Passing of Fidel Castro". Syria Times. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  225. [225]
    "Ecuador: US aggression on Syria clear violation of a UN member state's soverienghty". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  226. [226]
    "Al-Lahham continues meetings with parliamentarians on sideline of IPU session". Syrian Arab News Agency. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  227. [227]
    "Grenada papers". 1984.
  228. [228]
    "Secretary-General Appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala Head of Security Council Joint Investigative Mechanism on Chemical Weapon Use in Syria". 27 April 2017.
  229. [229]
    الوكالة العربية السورية للأنباء - Syrian Arab News Agency. Sana.sy. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  230. [230]
    "Gobierno de Nicaragua felicita a la República Árabe Siria en 75 Aniversario de su Independencia". La Voz del Sandinismo. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  231. [231]
    "Maritime authorities in Panama includes Syrian maritime certificates within the recognized lists". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  232. [232]
    "Syrian, Paraguayan talks to boost bilateral relations". Syrian Arab News Agency. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  233. [233]
    "Syria's ambassador in Caracas participates in the inauguration ceremony of the president-elect of Peru". Syrian Arab News Agency. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  234. [234]
    "ST. LUCIA-POLITICS-Opposition calls on St. Lucia government to state position on Syria". Caricom. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  235. [235]
    "Mikdad affirms Syria's firm right to restore the occupied Golan". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  236. [236]
    "Presidents Assad and Maduro Phone Call". Syria Times. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  237. [237]
    "Acuerdo por Canje de Notas entre la República Argentina y la República de Siria sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  238. [238]
    "Embajada en Siría".
  239. [239]
    "Celebraciones por la Independencia de Siria en el país" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  240. [240]
    "Cria uma Legação nas Repúblicas do Líbano e da Síria. Decreto nº 19.901, de 13 de Novembro de 1945". lexml.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  241. [241]
    "Syrian Arab Republic". Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  242. [242]
    "Syria–Brazil relations".
  243. [243]
    "Embassy of Brazil in Damascus". Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  244. [244]
    "Parlamentarios sirios impulsan crecimiento de relaciones bilaterales con Brasil" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  245. [245]
    "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  246. [246]
    Guy Quenneville (5 December 2022). "Meet the man looking after the abandoned Syrian embassy for more than a decade". CBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  247. [247]
    "Canada joins allies in mass expulsion of Syrian diplomats". CBC News. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  248. [248]
    "Global Affairs Canada ordered closing of Syrian consulate in Montreal". CBC News. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  249. [249]
    "#WelcomeRefugees: Canada resettled Syrian refugees". 24 November 2015.
  250. [250]
    "CHILE: Relaciones bilaterales de Chile con el Mundo Árabe". arabe.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  251. [251]
    Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1945. p. 231.
  252. [252]
    "El Embajador sirio Bassam Sabbagh visitó Chile" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  253. [253]
    "Cancillería suspende "en forma indefinida" proceso de cierre de embajadas" (in Spanish). Radio Universidad de Chile. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  254. [254]
    "República Árabe de Siria". gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  255. [255]
    "Syria and Cuba, 57 years of historic relations (+Photos)". Prensa Latina. 13 August 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  256. [256]
    "List of Cuban Mission Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  257. [257]
    "Mexico-Syria relations (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  258. [258]
    "Embassy of Mexico in Egypt". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  259. [259]
    "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES Y DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA" (PDF). 20 April 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  260. [260]
    Republic, Syrian Arab (13 December 2004). "Diplomatic Relations Between Paraguay and Syrian Arab Republic as of 13 Dec. 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  261. [261]
    "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales ante el Presidente de Paraguay" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  262. [262]
    "Inauguration of the Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Paraguay in Damascus". 21 July 2022.
  263. [263]
    "Syria, Paraguay talks to enhance cooperation in trade exchange". SANA. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  264. [264]
    "Syria to Enhance Economic Relations with Paraguay and Brazil". Syrian Observer. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  265. [265]
    Revista de política internacional - Issues 140-142 (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. 1975. p. 319.
  266. [266]
    Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1-172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
  267. [267]
    "Honorary Consulate of Syria in Trinidad".
  268. [268]
    "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Syria". history.state.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  269. [269]
    Dwyer, Devin; Hughes, Dana (14 December 2012). "Obama Recognizes Syrian Opposition Group". ABC News. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  270. [270]
    "U.S. recognizes Syria opposition offices as 'foreign mission'". Reuters. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  271. [271]
    "The Confused Person's Guide to the Syrian Civil War". The Atlantic. 29 October 2015.
  272. [272]
    Diario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay Vol. 24 (in Spanish). 1947. p. 57.
  273. [273]
    "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales en Uruguay - Diario Sirio Libanés" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  274. [274]
    Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. p. 529.
  275. [275]
    Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  276. [276]
    Bülent Gökay, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2006). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. p. 311.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  277. [277]
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/minister-photographed-in-saudi-arabia-alongside-syrian-counterpart-taliban-official/amp/ [bare URL]
  278. [278]
    "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic". mfa.am. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  279. [279]
    "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24". www.armeniaforeignministry.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  280. [280]
    "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24" (PDF). www.armeniaforeignministry.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  281. [281]
    "THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF ARMENIAN DIASPORA". Ministry of Diaspora of Armenia. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  282. [282]
    Hutton, Pierre (1996), "Chapter 2: Iraq, Syria and Jordan", The Legacy of Suez, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 18 November 2016
  283. [283]
    "Consulate of the Syrian Arab Republic in New South Wales".
  284. [284]
    "Sorting of ballots at Syrian Consulate in cities of Sydney and Melbourne start". SANA. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  285. [285]
    "Syria sanctions regime". Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  286. [286]
    "Syria closes Australian embassy". The Canberra Times. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  287. [287]
    "Syrian Arab Republic". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  288. [288]
    "BILATERAL RELATIONS". mofa.gov.bh. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  289. [289]
    "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". Associated Press. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  290. [290]
    "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". ABC News. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  291. [291]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 11.
  292. [292]
    Republic, Syrian Arab (15 October 2010). "Diplomatic Relations Between Cambodia and Syrian Arab Republic as of 15 Oct. 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  293. [293]
    "67 years passed and the Syrian Chinese ties towards greater hardness and strength". SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  294. [294]
    "Information about the break-off of the diplomatic relations between Georgia and Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  295. [295]
    "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  296. [296]
    RFE/RL (29 May 2018). "Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  297. [297]
    India News Bulletin. Embassy of India. 1950. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  298. [298]
    "Locating Syria in India's Diplomacy toward West Asia". Middle East Institute. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  299. [299]
    "Hubungan bilateral Suriah-Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  300. [300]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  301. [301]
    "syria iran closest ally". Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  302. [302]
    Jubin Goodarzi. "Iran and Syria" (PDF). Iranprimer.usip.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  303. [303]
    Wergin, Clemens (16 February 2012). "Iran sucht neue Schmuggelwege". Welt. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  304. [304]
    Iran, Syria sign a further defence co-operation agreement – Jane's Defence News Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  305. [305]
    Swaminathan, Satya (Spring 2007). "Syria's Diplomatic History with Iran". Global Forum Journal. 3: 28.
  306. [306]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  307. [307]
    "Iraq and Syria restore relations". 21 November 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  308. [308]
    "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian. 12 November 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  309. [309]
    Mullen, Jethro (27 September 2015). "Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria". CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  310. [310]
    "Iraq, Russia, Iran and Syria coordinate against ISIL". Al Jazeera. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  311. [311]
    Gordon, Michael (27 September 2015). "Russia Surprises U.S. With Accord on Battling ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  312. [312]
    Kolko, Gabriel (13 February 2007). "US force-marches Israel over Syria". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  313. [313]
    Mahnaimi, Uzi; Baxter, Sarah (23 September 2007). "Israelis 'Israelis seized nuclear material in Syrian raid'". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  314. [314]
    "Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera". english.aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008.
  315. [315]
    "Israel 'ready to return Golan'". BBC News. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  316. [316]
    "Political Relations". Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  317. [317]
    "MOFA: Temporary Closure of the Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  318. [318]
    "MOFA: Implementation of measures to freeze the assets of President Bashar Al-Assad and his related individuals and entities in Syria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  319. [319]
    The Middle East Volume 1. Europa Publications. 1948. p. 292. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  320. [320]
    "Jordanian King Visits Syria to Congratulate Bashar". en.people.cn. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  321. [321]
    "Russia, Jordan agree on military coordination on Syria". Reuters. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  322. [322]
    "Warily, Jordan Assists Rebels in Syrian War". The New York Times. 10 April 2014.
  323. [323]
    "Trump Ends Covert Aid to Syrian Rebels Trying to Topple Assad". The New York Times. 19 July 2017.
  324. [324]
    "Will Jordan confront IS in southern Syria?". Al-Monitor. 18 April 2017.
  325. [325]
    "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  326. [326]
    "Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Syrian Arab Republic". Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Syrian Arab Republic, Damask. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan). Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  327. [327]
    "Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Syrian Tartus". inform.kz. 6 January 2017.
  328. [328]
    "Today in Kuwait's History, October 24, 2005". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 24 October 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  329. [329]
    "Donors meet target of $1.5 billion aid for stricken Syrians: U.N." Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  330. [330]
    Gordon, Michael R. (15 January 2014). "Donors Offer $2.4 Billion to Aid Syrian Civilians, but U.N. Says More Is Needed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  331. [331]
    "Donors pledge $3.8bn at Syria crisis meeting in Kuwait". Aljazeera. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  332. [332]
    "Record $10 billion pledged in humanitarian aid for Syria at UN co-hosted conference in London". UN News Centre. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  333. [333]
    "The countries formally opened diplomatic ties for the first time since their independence more than 60 years ago. (France 24)". 15 October 2008.
  334. [334]
    New Lebanese Prime Minister visits Syria Archived 24 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2005
  335. [335]
    Twitter https://twitter.com/syrianembassykl/status/1367489916582719491. Retrieved 26 April 2021. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  336. [336]
    "Malaysian Embassy in Syria ordered to close temporarily | The Star". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  337. [337]
    "LIST OF COUNTRIES MAINTAINING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH MONGOLIA" (PDF). DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  338. [338]
    "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK (The National Committee on North Korea). August 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  339. [339]
    O'Carroll, Chad (31 January 2017). "A long way from Damascus: Life as Syria's ambassador to North Korea". NK News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017.
  340. [340]
    Ramani, Samuel (27 February 2018). "North Korea's Syrian Connection". The Diplomat. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  341. [341]
    "Syria builds park in honor of North Korea founder Kim Il Sung". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  342. [342]
    "Opinion: Oman Set to Play Big Role in Post-War Syria". Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  343. [343]
    "Shahbaz Over Golan". Defencejournal.com. 26 April 1974. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  344. [344]
    "Pakistan, Syria to promote cooperation in S&". Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  345. [345]
    Staff writers (18 July 2011). "Syria recognizes Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital". Haaretz. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  346. [346]
    "Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Damascus". Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  347. [347]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1972. p. 38.
  348. [348]
    Azmi Bishara (2013). سورية: درب الآلام نحو الحرية - محاولة في التاريخ الراهن (in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. ISBN 9789953027654.
  349. [349]
    "FT: Qatar Spends Billions in Syria, Pays $50,000 per Dissident". Al-Manar News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  350. [350]
    Khalaf, Roula; Fielding-Smith, Abigail (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". Financial Times Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  351. [351]
    "Qatar will not normalise relations with Syria: Foreign Minister - Qatar News". Al Jazeera. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  352. [352]
    Moubayed, Sami (25 April 2019). "Syria and Qatar silently mend broken fences". Qatar – Gulf News. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  353. [353]
    Chmaytelli, Maher; Gumrukcu, Tuvan; Balmforth, Tom (11 March 2021). "Turkey, Russia, Qatar to push for political resolution in Syria". U.S. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  354. [354]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 33. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  355. [355]
    "Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  356. [356]
    Deasy, Kristin (26 February 2013). "Saudi Arabia arming Syrian rebels with Croatian weapons: report". Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  357. [357]
    "Syrian FM makes first visit to Saudi Arabia since 2011". Al Jazeera. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  358. [358]
    "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa" (in Korean). Mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  359. [359]
    "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  360. [360]
    "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  361. [361]
    "Suriye Ankara Büyükelçiliği". www.suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  362. [362]
    "Suriye İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu". www.suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  363. [363]
    "Suriye Gaziantep Başkonsolosluğu". www.suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  364. [364]
    "Union for the Mediterranean: time for parliaments to play their role | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  365. [365]
    "List of Member States of the Union for the Mediterranean - UfM".
  366. [366]
    "Memo". European Commission. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  367. [367]
    Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012). "Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria". U.S. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  368. [368]
    Balci, Bayram (13 April 2012). "Turkey's Relations with the Syrian Opposition". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  369. [369]
    "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  370. [370]
    ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1972. p. 38.
  371. [371]
    "Syria: Assad has decisively won his brutal battle". The Guardian. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  372. [372]
    "Assad: Syria's leader makes historic visit to UAE". BBC News. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  373. [373]
    "Syria's Assad arrives in United Arab Emirates in official visit". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  374. [374]
    Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 22-23, Issues 57-63 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1965. p. 305.
  375. [375]
    "Syria Returns Yemeni Embassy in Damascus to Legitimate Gov't". Asharq Al-Awsat. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  376. [376]
    "Is It Time for Europe to Reopen Its Embassies in Syria?". 20 June 2021.
  377. [377]
    "Slovenian delegation visits the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai". SANA. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  378. [378]
    British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
  379. [379]
    "Syrian Embassy, Vienna".
  380. [380]
    "Österreichische Botschaft Damaskus" (in German). Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of Austria. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  381. [381]
    "Cooperation in Political Sphere". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Syrian Arab Republic. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  382. [382]
    Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121-150 (in French). 1946. 23 December 2023. p. 3990.
  383. [383]
    "Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic in Brussels".
  384. [384]
    "Belgium closes its embassy in Syria". Reuters. 29 March 2012.
  385. [385]
    "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  386. [386]
    "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)". filip-nikolov.com (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  387. [387]
    "Министерство на външните работи". Mfa.bg. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  388. [388]
    "Syrian embassy in Sofia". [permanent dead link]
  389. [389]
    "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations". mvep.gov.hr. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  390. [390]
    "Vesna Pusić u Istanbulu na sastanku skupine Prijatelja Sirije". Večernji list. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  391. [391]
    Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 24-25. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  392. [392]
    Sandrine Amiel (17 June 2021). "Which EU states are rebuilding diplomatic relations with Assad's Syria?". Euronews. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  393. [393]
    Pavol Petruf (2007). "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 97. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  394. [394]
    "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats Kalender 1954" (PDF). slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. [22]. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  395. [395]
    "How Denmark's hard line on Syrian refugees is an aid group's ethical dilemma". theumanitarian. org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  396. [396]
    "Finland and Syria". finlandabroad.fi. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  397. [397]
    "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Syrianembassy.se. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  398. [398]
    "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 100. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  399. [399]
    "Syria - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  400. [400]
    "REPRÉSENTATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ET CONSULAIRES SYRIEN EN FRANCE". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  401. [401]
    Stefan Talmon Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People, Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 June 2013, Pages 219–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014 Published: 05 May 2013
  402. [402]
    "Syrien: Überblick". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  403. [403]
    "Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  404. [404]
    "Deutsche Vertretungen in Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  405. [405]
    "Deutsche Botschaft Damaskus bis auf weiteres geschlossen" (in German). German Foreign Office. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  406. [406]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  407. [407]
    "Syrian embassy in Athens". Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  408. [408]
    "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  409. [409]
    David M. Cheney. "Syria (Nunciature) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  410. [410]
    Plett, Barbara (7 May 2001). "Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  411. [411]
    "Assad Attended John Paul II's Funeral". asianews.it. 4 April 2005.
  412. [412]
    "Bittersweet Friendships: Relations between Hungary and the Middle East, 1953–1988 | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
  413. [413]
    Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 100.
  414. [414]
    "SYRIA - EMBASSY, DAMASCUS". Hungary Consular Services. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  415. [415]
    "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties". Arab News. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  416. [416]
    "Diplomatic and Consular Information for the Middle East and North Africa". Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  417. [417]
    "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume VI (31 maggio - 14 dicembre 1947)" (in Italian). p. 1021. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  418. [418]
    "How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?".
  419. [419]
    Goldman, Yoel. "Saudi Arabia, Italy and Holland close embassies in Syria". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  420. [420]
    "Thousands object to reopening of Italian embassy in Syria". www.italianinsider.it. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  421. [421]
    British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
  422. [422]
    "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  423. [423]
    Zondag, Martin Herman Wiedswang (26 March 2012). "– Indirekte er ambassadestenging et politisk signal" [– In an indirect manner, closing embassy is a political signal] (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  424. [424]
    Grzeloński, Bogdan (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 127.
  425. [425]
    "Polska zamknęła ambasadę w Damaszku. Dyplomaci opuścili Syrię". TVN24 (in Polish). 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  426. [426]
    "Diplomatic Relations of Portugal". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  427. [427]
    "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  428. [428]
    "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  429. [429]
    "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  430. [430]
    Soviet Political Agreements and Results, Revised to January 1, 1964. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. 1964. p. 30. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  431. [431]
    Paul Alster (22 December 2012). "Russians moving into Syria. Strategic alliance include fleet, missiles". Fox News. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  432. [432]
    Heads of Foreigh Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  433. [433]
    "Embassy of Syria in Belgrade, Serbia".
  434. [434]
    "Official presentation of the Republic of Serbia in Damascus – Syria". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  435. [435]
    "Diplomatic relations with Syria".
  436. [436]
    "Geopolitical Calendar: Week of March 26, 2012". Stratfor.
  437. [437]
    "Slovak embassies in Iraq and Syria to be closed, moving to Lebanon". Pravda.sk (Slovak). 28 June 2015.
  438. [438]
    Lleonart y Amsélem, Alberto J. (1985). España y ONU. La Cuestión española. Tomo III (1948-49). Estudios introductivos y corpus documental, Volume 3 (in Spanish). CSIC Press. p. 378. ISBN 9788400060695. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  439. [439]
    "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  440. [440]
    "Embajada de Siria - Ayuntamiento de Madrid". www.madrid.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  441. [441]
    "Fichas pais Siria" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  442. [442]
    Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947-1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  443. [443]
    "Embassy of Sweden Damascus, Syria".
  444. [444]
    "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Syrianembassy.se. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  445. [445]
    "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria". Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  446. [446]
    "Embassy of Syria in Geneva, Switzerland - Embassy n Visa". embassynvisa.com. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.[permanent dead link]
  447. [447]
    "Political dialogue between Ukraine and Syria - Embassy of Ukraine in Syrian Arab Republic". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  448. [448]
    "Ukraine Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Syria After It Recognizes Eastern Regions as Independent".
  449. [449]
    "First British Minister to Levant presents credentials, Damascus, Syria, C. 21 May 1942". iwm.org.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  450. [450]
    "Blair visits Syria". RTÉ.ie. 30 October 2001.
  451. [451]
    MacFarquhar, Neil; Mourtada, Hania (19 November 2012). "Britain Recognizes Syria Opposition Coalition". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  452. [452]
    Black, Ian; McGreal, Chris (29 May 2012). "Syrian diplomats expelled from countries around the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  453. [453]
    "The Foreign & Commonwealth Office" (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. January 2012.
  454. [454]
    "Introduction". Badea.org.
  455. [455]
    "Member States". Welcome to Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  456. [456]
    "Member Parliaments". www.asianparliament.org.
  457. [457]
    "EBU - Members". EBU.ch. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  458. [458]
    "Member States" (PDF). ICAO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  459. [459]
    International Development Association. "IDA Graduates". International Development Association. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  460. [460]
    "Syria / Asia & South Pacific / Member countries / Internet / Home - INTERPOL". Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  461. [461]
    "17 instances of chemical weapons used in Syria: Watchdog - United Nations News". Al Jazeera. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  462. [462]
    "WFTU » Syria: The WFTU President is participating and addressed the 27th Congress of GFTU-Syria". WFTU. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  463. [463]
    "Countries Elected Members". United Nations Security Council. United Nations. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  464. [464]
    "Protesters slam choice of Syria for board of UN health body". The Independent. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  465. [465]
    Jaafari, Shirin (4 June 2021). "Syrians outraged by WHO board election: 'It's like appointing a mass murderer to be the police chief'". The World from PRX. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  466. [466]
    David Batty; Jack Shenker (12 November 2011). "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian.
  467. [467]
    "New Syrian opposition chief seeks recognition, arms". Antigua Observer Newspaper. Reuters. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  468. [468]
    Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis Xinhua. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  469. [469]
    "Syria opposition 'not yet ready for Arab League seat'". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  470. [470]
    "Jordan makes a U-turn to reintegrate Syria into the regional fold". TRT World. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  471. [471]
    "Lebanon's relations with Syria outstanding, Hajj Hassan says". Syrian Arab News Agency. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  472. [472]
    "Syria, Lebanon discuss means to boost cooperation, integration". Syrian Arab News Agency. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  473. [473]
    "Lebanese spy chief says he will visit Syria over missing U.S. reporter". Reuters. 3 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  474. [474]
    "Syria, Algeria Stress Unified Stance on Need to Combat Terrorism". Syria Times. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  475. [475]
    "Algerian President, Mikdad discuss means of strengthening bilateral relations, issues of common interest". SANA. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  476. [476]
    "Kuwait expects more Arab countries to reopen embassies in Damascus: KUNA". Reuters. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  477. [477]
    "Libyan Embassy in Damascus reopened". Syrian Arab News Agency. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  478. [478]
    Gladstone, Rick (6 August 2015). "Syrian Official's Visit to Oman May Signal a Diplomatic Opening". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  479. [479]
    "Syrian FM in rare Oman visit amid heightened diplomacy". Reuters. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  480. [480]
    "Omani foreign minister meets Syria's Assad: state TV". Reuters. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  481. [481]
    "Oman's foreign minister meets Syria's Bashar al-Assad in Damascus". Al-Araby. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  482. [482]
    "Sudan's President Bashir asks Putin for 'protection' from 'aggressive' US". France 24. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  483. [483]
    "Yemen crisis: Why is there a war?". 21 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  484. [484]
    "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day". SANA. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  485. [485]
    "Syria's return to Arab League requires Arab consensus: UAE minister". Reuters. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  486. [486]
    "UAE reopens Syrian embassy amid regional influence race". Sky News. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  487. [487]
    "Bahrain reopens embassy in Syria". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  488. [488]
    "Arab MPs, headed by Iraq's Halbousi, join momentum of normalisation with Damascus". The Arab Weekly. 27 February 2023.
  489. [489]
    "Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter's crises". Arab News. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  490. [490]
    Yaakoubi, Aziz El; Gebeily, Maya (2 April 2023). "Saudi Arabia to invite Syria's Assad to Arab leaders summit, ending regional isolation". Reuters. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  491. [491]
    "Arab foreign ministers agree to readmit Syria to the Arab League". Al Arabiya. 7 May 2023.
  492. [492]
    "Arab League re-admits Syria after 11-year absence". Arab News. 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  493. [493]
    England, Andrew; Saleh, Heba (7 May 2023). "Arab League to readmit Syria after decade-long hiatus". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  494. [494]
    Chulov, Martin (7 May 2021). "'A dirty business': how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state". the Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2021.

Further reading

  • "Syria". U.S. Department of State. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Foreign_relations_of_Syria, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.