Foreign_relations_of_Turkey

Foreign relations of Turkey

Overview of the foreign relations of Turkey

Physically bridging Europe and Asia, Turkey is a secular country that has historically pursued a Western-oriented foreign policy.^[1] To this end, Turkey uses its global diplomatic network—the third most extensive—of 252 diplomatic and consular missions.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Since the Cold War, Turkey's most important ally has been the United States, which shared Turkey's interest in containing Soviet expansion.^[5]^[6] In support of the United States, Turkey contributed personnel to the UN forces in the Korean War (1950–1953), joined NATO in 1952, recognized Israel in 1949 and has cooperated closely with it.^[7]

Turkey's alliance with Israel during the Arab–Israeli conflict strained its relations with the Arab world,^[8] and Iran,^[1] and subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.^[9]^[10]^[11]

History

Historically, the Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.^[12] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.^[13]

In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.^[14] Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality.^[15] It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides. It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped.^[16]^[17]^[18]

After 1945

Northern Cyprus is considered one of Turkey’s closest allies.

After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers. It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. European Union–Turkey relations warmed during the Cold War period and the post-Cold War period has seen a diversification of relations, with Turkey, at various moments, seeking to strengthen its regional presence in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, as well as taking steps toward EU membership.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.^[19] The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed.^[20] Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.^[21]

Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, sometimes mistakenly called Neo-Ottomanism.^[22]^[23] Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese^[24] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.^[25]

Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
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Reuther, Helmut (ed.). Deutschlands Aussenpolitik seit 1955. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Aussenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

"Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26.
Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16.
Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
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Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9–32.
Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103.
Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679–692.
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Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21.
Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

"The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47.
Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69.
DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43.
Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48.
Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302.
Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20.
Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72.
Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–461.
Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349–370.

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Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
European Union		See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
NATO		See Turkey in NATO

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Algeria		See Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Algiers.^[227] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD).^[228] 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.^[228] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Algiers.^[229]	X
Egypt	8 May 1925^[230]	See Egypt–Turkey relations Egypt has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Cairo^[231] and a Consulate General in Alexandria.^[232] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD).^[233] 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.^[233] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010.^[234]	√^[235]
Libya	30 December 1952^[236]	See Libya–Turkey relations Libya has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tripoli.^[237] and a Consulate General in Misurata.^[238] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).^[239] 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.^[239]	X
Mauritania	14 April 1970^[129]	See Mauritania–Turkey relations Mauritania has an Embassy in Ankara.^[240] Turkey has an Embassy in Nouakchott.^[240] Trade volume between the two countries was 245 million USD in 2019.^[240] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nouakchott.^[240]	X
Morocco	17 April 1956^[241]	See Morocco–Turkey relations Morocco has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Rabat.^[242] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).^[243] 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.^[243] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.	√^[235]
Sudan	20 July 1957^[91]	See Sudan–Turkey relations Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.^[91] Turkey has an Embassy in Khartoum.^[91] Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD).^[91] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.	X
Tunisia	1956^[244]	See Tunisia–Turkey relations Tunisia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tunis.^[245] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD).^[246] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.	√^[235]

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Angola	9 July 1980^[255]	See Angola–Turkey relations Angola has an Embassy in Ankara.^[256] Turkey has an Embassy in Luanda.^[256] Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019.^[256] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luanda since 27 October 2021.^[257]	X
Benin	29 March 1974^[258]	See Benin–Turkey relations Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021. Turkey has an Embassy in Cotonou.^[259] Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.^[259] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.^[259]	X
Botswana	20 January 1981^[260]	Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an Embassy in Gaborone.^[261] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.^[261]	X
Burkina Faso	6 April 1970^[262]	See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations Burkina Faso has an Embassy in Ankara.^[263] Turkey has an Embassy in Ouagadougou.^[263] Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).^[263]	X
Burundi	30 April 1980^[264]	See Burundi–Turkey relations Burundi has an Embassy in Ankara.^[265] Turkey has an Embassy in Bujumbura.^[265] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).^[265]	X
Cameroon	9 August 1963^[266]	See Cameroon–Turkey relations Cameroon has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Yaoundé. Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).^[267] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.	X
Cape Verde	24 June 1979^[268]	See Cape Verde–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.^[269] Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.^[269]	X
Central African Republic	18 February 1980^[270]	See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Central African Republic has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.^[271] The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic.^[271] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.81 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.84/1.97 million USD).^[271]	X
Chad	27 January 1970^[272]	See Chad–Turkey relations Chad has an Embassy in Ankara.^[273] Turkey has an Embassy in N'Djamena.^[273] Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).^[273] There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.^[273]	X
Comoros	22 August 1979^[274]	See Comoros–Turkey relations The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.^[275] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.^[275] Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.^[275]	X
Congo	9 November 1981^[171]	See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.^[276] Turkey has an Embassy in Brazzaville.^[276] Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).^[276]	X
Côte d'Ivoire	14 July 1964^[116]	See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations Côte d'Ivoire has an Embassy in Ankara.^[277] Turkey has an Embassy in Abidjan.^[277] Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD).^[277] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.^[277]	X
Democratic Republic of Congo	22 October 1975^[145]	See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations Democratic Republic of Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.^[278] Turkey has an Embassy in Kinshasa.^[278] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019.^[278]	X
Djibouti	25 June 1979^[159]	See Djibouti–Turkey relations Djibouti has an Embassy in Ankara.^[279] Turkey has an Embassy in Djibouti.^[279] Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.^[279]	X
Eritrea	19 July 1993^[199]	See Eritrea–Turkey relations The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.^[280] Turkey has an Embassy in Asmara.^[280] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.^[280]	X
Equatorial Guinea	16 September 1980^[166]	See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations Equatorial Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.^[281] Turkey has an Embassy in Malabo.^[281] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD).^[281] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020.^[281]	X
Eswatini	20 January 1981^[282]	The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey.^[283] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini.^[283] Trade volume between the two countries was 309 thousand USD in 2019.^[283]	X
Ethiopia	30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957^[284]	See Ethiopia–Turkey relations Ethiopia has an Embassy in Ankara.^[285] Turkey has an Embassy in Addis Ababa.^[285] Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).^[285]	X
Gabon	1 February 1963^[286]	See Gabon–Turkey relations Gabon has an Embassy in Ankara.^[287] Turkey has an Embassy in Libreville.^[287] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.^[287]	X
Gambia	1965^[118]	See Gambia–Turkey relations Gambia has an Embassy in Ankara.^[118] Turkey has an Embassy in Banjul.^[118] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.^[118]	X
Ghana		See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an Embassy in Ankara.^[288] Turkey has an Embassy in Accra.^[288] Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.^[288]	Pending Ratification^[235]
Guinea		See Guinea–Turkey relations Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.^[289] Turkey has an Embassy in Conakry.^[289] Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019.^[289] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017.^[289]	X
Guinea Bissau		See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Guinea Bissau has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bissau. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.95 million USD in 2019.^[290]	X
Kenya	30 March 1968^[121]	See Kenya–Turkey relations Kenya has an Embassy in Ankara.^[291] Turkey has an Embassy in Nairobi.^[291] Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019.^[291] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.^[291]	X
Lesotho	1980^[167]	The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.^[292] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.^[292] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).^[292]	X
Liberia	1 August 1958^[95]	See Liberia–Turkey relations The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey.^[293] The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.^[293] Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.^[293]	X
Madagascar		See Madagascar–Turkey relations Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.^[294] Turkey has an Embassy in Antananarivo.^[294] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).^[294]	X
Mali	17 April 1963^[295]	See Mali–Turkey relations Mali has an Embassy in Ankara.^[296] Turkey has an Embassy in Bamako.^[296] Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).^[296]	X
Malawi	4 August 1969^[125]	See Malawi–Turkey relations The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.^[297] The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.^[297] Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).^[297]	X
Mauritius	18 October 1976^[151]	See Mauritius–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.^[298] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius.^[298] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019.^[298] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015.^[298]	√^[235]
Mozambique	20 January 1981^[299]	See Mozambique–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.^[300] Turkey has an Embassy in Maputo.^[300] Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.^[300]	X
Namibia	27 March 1990^[177]	See Namibia–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Windhoek.^[301] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).^[301]	X
Niger	30 March 1967^[119]	See Niger–Turkey relations Niger has an Embassy in Ankara.^[302] Turkey has an Embassy in Niamey.^[302] Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.^[302]	X
Nigeria	16 February 1961^[303]	See Nigeria–Turkey relations Nigeria has an Embassy in Ankara.^[304] Turkey has an Embassy in Abuja.^[304] Trade volume between the two countries was 726 million USD in 2019.^[304] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abuja, Lagos and Port-Harcourt.^[304]	X
Rwanda	18 February 1980^[305]	See Rwanda–Turkey relations Rwanda has an Embassy in Ankara.^[306] Turkey has an Embassy in Kigali.^[306] Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).^[306]	X
São Tomé and Príncipe		The Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe in Lisbon is also accredited to Turkey.^[307] The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe.^[307] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 million USD in 2019.^[307]	X
Senegal	17 October 1963^[308]	See Senegal–Turkey relations Senegal has an Embassy in Ankara.^[309] Turkey has an Embassy in Dakar.^[309] Trade volume between the two countries was 292 million USD in 2019.^[309] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dakar.^[309] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Dakar.	X
Seychelles	22 June 1995^[310]	See Seychelles–Turkey relations The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.^[311] The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.^[311] Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).^[311]	X
Sierra Leone	15 February 1971^[130]	See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations Sierra Leone has an Embassy in Ankara.^[312] Turkey has an Embassy in Freetown.^[312] Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019.^[312] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.^[312]	X
Somalia	13 December 1965^[117]	See Somalia–Turkey relations Somalia has an Embassy in Ankara.^[313] Turkey has an Embassy in Mogadishu and a Consulate General in Hargeisa.^[313] Trade volume between the two countries was 250.8 million USD in 2019.^[313] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mogadishu.	X
South Africa	12 October 1992^[314]	See South Africa–Turkey relations South Africa has an Embassy in Ankara.^[315] Turkey has an Embassy in Pretoria.^[315] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 552.5/757.5 million USD).^[315] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cape Town and Durban since 2015.^[315] 3,600 Turkish citizens reside in South Africa.^[315] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Johannesburg.	X
South Sudan	9 July 2011^[220]	See South Sudan–Turkey relations South Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.^[316] Turkey has an Embassy in Juba.^[316] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.^[316]	X
Tanzania	5 July 1963^[317]	See Tanzania–Turkey relations Tanzania has an Embassy in Ankara.^[318] Turkey has an Embassy in Dar es Salaam.^[318] Trade volume between the two countries was 151 million USD in 2015.^[318] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro since 2010.^[318]	X
Togo	6 December 1962^[319]	See Togo–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Lomé (planned).^[320] Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.^[320]	X
Uganda	18 September 1969^[126]	See Turkey–Uganda relations Uganda has an Embassy in Ankara.^[321] Turkey has an Embassy in Kampala.^[321] Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.^[321]	X
Zambia	25 February 1971^[131]	See Turkey–Zambia relations Zambia has an Embassy in Ankara.^[322] Turkey has an Embassy in Lusaka.^[322] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).^[322] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.^[322]	X
Zimbabwe	2 July 1982^[173]	See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations Zimbabwe has an Embassy in Ankara.^[323] Turkey has an Embassy in Harare.^[323] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).^[323]	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Argentina	29 June 1926^[55]	See Argentina–Turkey relations President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires. Argentina has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Buenos Aires. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place on a daily basis.^[324] Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.^[324] 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Chile	30 January 1926^[53]	See Chile–Turkey relations President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera Chile has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Santiago. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and is in effect since 1 March 2011.^[325] Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.^[325] 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.	√^[235]
Paraguay	11 September 1953^[87]	See Paraguay–Turkey relations Paraguay has an Embassy in Ankara.^[326] Turkey has an Embassy in Asunción.^[326] Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).^[326] 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Uruguay	8 December 1933^[60]	See Turkey–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.^[327] Turkey has an Embassy in Montevideo.^[327] Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).^[327] 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

Country	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Canada	25 November 1943^[61]	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).^[328] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019.^[328] 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.^[328]	X
Mexico	12 July 1928^[58]	See Mexico–Turkey relations President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Mexico has an embassy in Ankara^[329] and a consulate in Istanbul.^[330] Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City.^[331] Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019.^[332] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD).^[332] 66,557 Mexican tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mexico City.	X
United States	13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927^[333]	See Turkey–United States relations Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies. United States has an Embassy in Ankara, a Consulate General in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana. Turkey has an Embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle (starts 9 March 2022) and Washington, D.C. 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C. Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.	X

Foreign_relations_of_Turkey

Foreign relations of Turkey

History

After 1945

Diplomatic relations

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Africa

Northern Africa

Sub–Saharan Africa

Americas

Southern Cone

North America

Caribbean

Central America

Latin America, rest of

Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

Asia-Pacific

Western Asia

Europe

International organizations

See also

References

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

Greece–Turkey relations

Middle East–Turkey relations

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

Turkey–Turkic world relations

Turkey–United States relations

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

Foreign relations (2002–present)

External links

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#	Country	Date
1	Russia	31 August 1492^[26]
2	Austria	1526^[27]
3	United Kingdom	23 April 1583^[28]
4	Sweden	1603^[29]
5	Netherlands	1612^[30]
6	United States	13 September 1831^[31]
7	Greece	24 August 1833^[32]
8	Iran	1835^[33]
9	Belgium	4 April 1838^[34]
10	Portugal	20 March 1843^[35]
11	Italy	25 September 1856^[36]
12	Guatemala	18 July 1874^[37]
13	Romania	22 October 1878^[38]
14	Bulgaria	July 1879^[39]
15	Serbia	1879^[40]
16	Switzerland	1899^[41]
17	Norway	31 December 1905^[42]
18	Afghanistan	1 March 1921^[43]
19	France	20 October 1921^[44]
20	Poland	23 July 1923^[45]
21	Albania	15 December 1923^[46]
22	Spain	27 September 1924^[47]
23	Czech Republic	11 October 1924^[48]
24	Finland	9 December 1924^[49]
25	Denmark	26 January 1925^[50]
26	Japan	March 1925^[51]
27	Egypt	8 May 1925^[52]
28	Chile	30 January 1926^[53]
29	Ethiopia	30 January 1926^[54]
30	Argentina	29 June 1926^[55]
31	Brazil	8 September 1927^[56]
32	Iraq	16 January 1928^[57]
33	Mexico	12 July 1928^[58]
34	Saudi Arabia	3 August 1929^[59]
35	Uruguay	8 December 1933^[60]
36	Canada	25 November 1943^[61]
37	Yemen	4 March 1946^[62]
38	Lebanon	8 March 1946^[63]
—	Syria (suspended)	8 March 1946^[63]
39	Haiti	10 July 1946^[64]
40	Luxembourg	10 July 1946^[65]
41	Hungary	23 January 1947^[66]
42	Jordan	31 March 1947^[67]
43	India	15 August 1947^[68]
44	Pakistan	30 November 1947^[69]
45	Sri Lanka	4 February 1948^[70]
46	Philippines	13 June 1949^[71]
47	Israel	January 1950^[72]
48	Honduras	4 April 1950^[73]
49	Panama	14 April 1950^[74]
50	Bolivia	26 July 1950^[75]
51	Indonesia	30 July 1950^[76]
52	Costa Rica	21 September 1950^[77]
53	El Salvador	21 September 1950^[78]
54	Nicaragua	21 September 1950^[79]
55	Venezuela	29 December 1950^[80]
56	Ireland	2 October 1951^[81]
57	Dominican Republic	28 November 1951^[82]
58	Germany	21 June 1952^[83]
59	Cuba	25 November 1952^[84]
60	Libya	30 December 1952^[85]
61	Peru	1952^[86]
62	Paraguay	11 September 1953^[87]
63	Morocco	17 April 1956^[88]
64	Tunisia	1956^[89]
65	South Korea	8 March 1957^[90]
66	Sudan	20 July 1957^[91]
67	Iceland	25 November 1957^[92]
68	Thailand	12 May 1958^[93]
69	Laos	20 June 1958^[94]
70	Liberia	1 August 1958^[95]
71	Myanmar	2 September 1958^[96]
72	Ghana	1958^[97]^[98]
73	Colombia	10 April 1959^[99]
74	Ecuador	11 December 1959^[100]
—	Holy See	25 January 1960^[101]
—	Cyprus (suspended)	18 August 1960^[102]
75	Nigeria	16 February 1961^[103]
76	Cameroon	11 October 1962^[104]^[105]
77	Guinea	11 October 1962^[105]
78	Nepal	15 November 1962^[106]
79	Togo	6 December 1962^[107]
80	Madagascar	30 January 1963^[108]
81	Gabon	1 February 1963^[109]
82	Mali	17 April 1963^[110]
83	Algeria	30 June 1963^[111]
84	Tanzania	5 July 1963^[112]
85	Senegal	17 October 1963^[113]
86	Kuwait	10 January 1964^[114]
87	Malaysia	17 June 1964^[115]
88	Ivory Coast	14 July 1964^[116]
89	Somalia	13 December 1965^[117]
90	Gambia	1965^[118]
91	Niger	30 March 1967^[119]
92	Malta	10 October 1967^[120]
93	Kenya	30 March 1968^[121]
94	Australia	April 1968^[122]
95	Singapore	12 February 1969^[123]
96	Mongolia	24 June 1969^[124]
97	Malawi	4 August 1969^[125]
98	Uganda	18 September 1969^[126]
99	Chad	27 January 1970^[127]
100	Burkina Faso	6 April 1970^[128]
101	Mauritania	14 April 1970^[129]
102	Sierra Leone	15 February 1971^[130]
103	Zambia	25 February 1971^[131]
104	Jamaica	30 March 1971^[132]
105	China	4 August 1971^[133]
106	Trinidad and Tobago	22 May 1972^[134]
107	Barbados	20 September 1972^[135]
108	Qatar	20 March 1973^[136]
109	United Arab Emirates	21 March 1973^[137]
110	Bahrain	12 April 1973^[138]
111	Guyana	2 May 1973^[139]
112	Oman	18 June 1973^[140]
113	Bangladesh	22 February 1974^[141]
114	Benin	29 March 1974^[142]
115	Bahamas	5 November 1974^[143]
116	Grenada	8 May 1975^[144]
117	Democratic Republic of the Congo	22 October 1975^[145]
118	Fiji	17 November 1975^[146]
119	Guinea-Bissau	1975^[147]
120	Tonga	26 January 1976^[148]
121	Nauru	27 April 1976^[149]
122	Suriname	29 June 1976^[150]
123	Mauritius	18 October 1976^[151]
124	Vietnam	7 June 1978^[152]
125	New Zealand	12 December 1978^[153]
126	Solomon Islands	8 March 1979^[154]
127	Samoa	12 April 1979^[155]
128	Maldives	28 May 1979^[156]
129	Papua New Guinea	30 May 1979^[157]
130	Cape Verde	24 June 1979^[158]
131	Djibouti	25 June 1979^[159]
132	Tuvalu	19 July 1979^[160]
133	Comoros	22 August 1979^[161]
134	Central African Republic	29 January 1980^[162]
135	Rwanda	18 February 1980^[163]
136	Burundi	30 April 1980^[164]
137	Angola	9 July 1980^[165]
138	Equatorial Guinea	16 September 1980^[166]
139	Lesotho	1980^[167]
140	Botswana	20 January 1981^[168]
141	Eswatini	20 January 1981^[169]
142	Mozambique	20 January 1981^[170]
143	Republic of the Congo	9 November 1981^[171]
144	São Tomé and Príncipe	1981^[172]
145	Zimbabwe	2 July 1982^[173]
—	Northern Cyprus	1983^[174]
146	Brunei	27 June 1984^[175]
147	Belize	November 1987^[176]
148	Namibia	27 March 1990^[177]
149	Lithuania	3 September 1991^[178]
150	Latvia	22 October 1991^[179]
151	Estonia	23 October 1991^[180]
—	State of Palestine	19 December 1991^[181]
152	Kyrgyzstan	23 December 1991^[182]
153	Azerbaijan	14 January 1992^[183]
154	Tajikistan	29 January 1992^[184]
155	Moldova	3 February 1992^[185]
156	Turkmenistan	29 February 1992^[186]
157	Kazakhstan	2 March 1992^[187]
158	Ukraine	3 March 1992^[188]
159	Uzbekistan	4 March 1992^[189]
160	Belarus	25 March 1992^[190]
161	Georgia	21 May 1992^[191]
162	Croatia	26 August 1992^[192]
163	North Macedonia	26 August 1992^[193]
164	Slovenia	26 August 1992^[194]
165	Bosnia and Herzegovina	29 August 1992^[195]
166	Liechtenstein	2 October 1992^[196]
167	South Africa	12 October 1992^[197]
168	Slovakia	1 January 1993^[198]
169	Eritrea	19 July 1993^[199]
170	Cambodia	14 June 1994^[200]
171	Seychelles	22 June 1995^[201]
172	Vanuatu	14 July 1995^[202]
173	Andorra	8 October 1998^[203]
174	Antigua and Barbuda	June 1999^[204]
175	North Korea	27 June 2001^[205]
176	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	4 April 2002^[206]
177	East Timor	20 May 2002^[207]
178	Saint Lucia	25 May 2005^[208]
179	San Marino	12 October 2005^[209]
180	Dominica	13 April 2006^[210]
181	Palau	2 May 2006^[211]
182	Montenegro	3 July 2006^[212]
183	Federated States of Micronesia	6 December 2006^[213]
—	Kosovo	18 February 2008^[214]
184	Marshall Islands	11 April 2008^[215]
185	Kiribati	20 June 2008^[216]
186	Monaco	16 September 2008^[217]
—	Cook Islands	20 October 2008^[218]
187	Saint Kitts and Nevis	3 June 2010^[219]
188	South Sudan	9 July 2011^[220]
189	Bhutan	26 September 2012^[221]
—	Niue	7 June 2014^[222]

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Antigua and Barbuda	June 1999^[204]	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.^[334] Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019.^[334]	X
Bahamas	5 November 1974^[143]	See Bahamas–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.^[335] Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.^[335]	X
Barbados	20 September 1972^[135]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Barbados.^[336] Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD).^[336]	X
Cuba	25 November 1952^[84]	See Cuba–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Havana.^[337] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).^[337] The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.^[338]	X
Dominica	13 April 2006^[339]	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Dominica.^[340] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019.^[340]	X
Dominican Republic	28 November 1951^[341]	See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Santo Domingo.^[342] Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).^[342]	X
Grenada	8 May 1975^[144]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Grenada.^[343] Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019.^[343]	X
Haiti	1950^[344]	See Haiti–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.^[344] Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).^[344]	X
Jamaica	30 March 1971^[132]	See Jamaica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.^[345] Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).^[345]	X
St. Kitts and Nevis		The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to St. Kitts and Nevis.^[346] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019.^[346]	X
St. Lucia	25 May 2005^[208]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Lucia.^[347] Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019.^[347]	X
St. Vincent and Grenadines	4 April 2002^[348]	See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines.^[349] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD).^[349]	X
Trinidad and Tobago	22 May 1972^[134]	See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Port of Spain.^[350] Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).^[350]	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Belize	November 1987^[351]	See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize.^[352] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).^[352]	X
Costa Rica	21 September 1950^[77]	See Costa Rica–Turkey relations Costa Rica has an Embassy in Ankara.^[353] Turkey has an Embassy in San Jose.^[353] Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).^[353]	X
El Salvador	21 September 1950^[78]	El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).^[354]	X
Guatemala	1952^[355]	See Guatemala–Turkey relations Guatemala has an Embassy in Ankara and an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.^[356] Turkey has an Embassy in Guatemala City.^[356] Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).^[356]	X
Honduras	4 April 1950^[73]	The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.^[357] Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).^[357]	X
Nicaragua	21 September 1950^[78]	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in San José to Costa Rica is also accredited to Nicaragua.^[358] Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.^[358] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).^[358]	X
Panama	14 April 1950^[74]	See Panama–Turkey relations Panama has an Embassy in Ankara.^[359] Turkey has an Embassy in Panama.^[359] Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).^[359]	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Bolivia	26 July 1950^[75]	See Bolivia–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in La Paz.^[360] Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).^[360] 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Brazil	8 September 1927^[361]	See Brazil–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brazil has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.^[362] Turkey has an Embassy in Brasília and a Consulate General in São Paulo.^[362] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.^[362] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).^[362] 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Colombia	10 April 1959^[99]	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).^[363] 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Ecuador	11 December 1959^[364]^[365]	See Ecuador–Turkey relations Ecuador has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Quito and a Consulate General in Guayaquil. Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).^[366] 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Guyana	2 May 1973^[139]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Guyana.^[367] Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD).^[367]	X
Peru	1952^[368]	See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.^[369] Turkey has an Embassy in Lima.^[369] Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).^[369] 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Suriname	29 June 1976^[370]	See Suriname–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname.^[371] Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD).^[371]	X
Venezuela	29 December 1950^{[citation needed]}	See Turkey–Venezuela relations Turkey has an Embassy in Caracas and an Honorary Consulate in Maracaibo.^[372] Venezuela has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).^[372]	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Azerbaijan	14 Jan. 1992^[373]	See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır.^[373] Turkey has an Embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja.^[373] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.63/2.55 billion USD).^[374] 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991.^[373] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Baku.	X
Kazakhstan	2 March 1992^[375]	See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Kazakhstan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Nur-Sultan and a Consulate General in Almaty. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD).^[376] 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan.^[375] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Nur-Sultan.	X
Kyrgyzstan	29 Jan. 1992^[377]	See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Kyrgyzstan has an Embassy in Ankara.^[377] Turkey has an Embassy in Bishkek.^[377] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 519 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 442/77 million USD).^[378] 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.^[379]	X
Turkmenistan	29 Feb. 1992^[380]	See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Turkmenistan has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Ashgabat. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD).^[381] 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991.^[380]	X
Uzbekistan	4 March 1992^[382]	See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul Turkey has an Embassy in Tashkent. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD).^[383] 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Afghanistan	1 March 1921^[384]	See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Afghanistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Kabul and Consulates General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD).^[385] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.	X
Australia	1967^[386]	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulates General in Istanbul and Çanakkale.^[386] Turkey has an Embassy in Canberra and Consulates General in Melbourne and Sydney.^[386] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.^[386] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.66 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 521.6/544.8 million USD).^[387] 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia.^[386] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Melbourne.	X
Bangladesh		See Bangladesh–Turkey relations Bangladesh has an Embassy in Ankara.^[388] Turkey has an Embassy in Dhaka.^[388] Both countries are members of OIC.^[388] Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).^[389]	X
Bhutan	26 September 2012^[390]	Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.^[391] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).^[392]	X
Brunei Darussalam	27 June 1984^[393]	See Brunei–Turkey relations Brunei Darussalam has an Embassy in Ankara.^[394] Turkey has an Embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.^[394] Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD).^[395]	X
Cambodia	1959^[396]	See Cambodia–Turkey relations Cambodia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Phnom Penh. Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).^[397]	X
China	1971^[398]	See China–Turkey relations China has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir.^[398] Turkey has an Embassy in Beijing and Consulates General in Guangzhou,^[399] Hong Kong^[400] and Shanghai^[401] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD).^[402] 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.^[402] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.^[402]	X
Cook Islands	28 Oct. 2008^[403]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands.^[403] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.^[403]	X
East Timor	20 May 2002^[404]	See East Timor–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.^[404] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[404]	X
Fiji	17 Dec. 1975^[405]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.^[405] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[405]	X
India	15 Aug. 1947^[68]	See India–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India. India has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in New Delhi and Consulates General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.^[68] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).^[406] 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Indonesia	1950^[407]	See Indonesia–Turkey relations Indonesia has an Embassy in Ankara.^[408] Turkey has an Embassy in Jakarta.^[408] Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).^[409] 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.^[408]	X
Japan	1890^[410]	See Japan–Turkey relations Japan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tokyo^[411] and a Consulate General in Nagoya.^[412] Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD).^[413] 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.	X
Kiribati	2008^[414]	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.^[414] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[414]	X
Laos	1958^[415]	See Laos–Turkey relations The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.^[415] Turkey has an Embassy in Vientiane.^[415] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).^[416]	X
Maldives	1979^[417]	See Maldives–Turkey relations The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.^[417] The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.^[417] Both countries are members of OIC.^[417] Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).^[418] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.	X
Malaysia	1964^[419]	See Malaysia–Turkey relations Malaysia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD).^[420] 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.	√
Marshall Islands	9 April 2008^[421]	See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands.^[421] Marshall Islands has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.^[421] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[421]	X
Micronesia	6 August 2007^[422]	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia.^[423] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[423]	X
Mongolia	24 June 1969^[424]	See Mongolia–Turkey relations Mongolia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD).^[425]	X
Myanmar	1958^[426]	See Myanmar–Turkey relations The Burmese Embassy in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.^[426] Turkey has an Embassy in Yangon.^[426] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).^[427]	X
Nauru		The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru.^[428] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[428]	X
New Zealand	12 December 1978^[429]	See New Zealand–Turkey relations New Zealand has an Embassy in Ankara.^[430] Turkey has an Embassy in Wellington.^[430] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).^[431] 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019. 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.^[430]	X
Niue	7 June 2014^[432]	Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
North Korea	15 Jan. 2001^[433]	See North Korea–Turkey relations The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.^[433] The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea.^[433] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[433]	X
Pakistan	1947^[434]	See Pakistan–Turkey relations Pakistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Islamabad^[435] and Consulates General in Karachi^[436] and Lahore.^[437] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD).^[438] 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.	X
Palau	10 May 2007^[439]	Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.^[439] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.^[439]	X
Papua New Guinea	30 May 1979^[440]	Papua New Guinea has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.^[440] The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea.^[440] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[440]	X
Philippines	13 June 1949^[441]	See Philippines–Turkey relations Philippines has an Embassy in Ankara.^[441] Turkey has an Embassy in Manila.^[441] Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).^[442] 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.^[441] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.^[441]	X
Samoa	12 April 1979^[443]	See Samoa–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.^[443] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[443]	X
Singapore	12 Feb. 1969^[444]	See Singapore–Turkey relations Singapore has an Embassy in Ankara.^[444] Turkey has an Embassy in Singapore.^[444] Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD).^[445] 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.^[444]	√
Solomon Islands	8 Mar. 1979^[446]	See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since 8 March 1979.^[446] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
South Korea	11 Aug. 1949^[447]	See South Korea–Turkey relations South Korea has an Embassy in Ankara.^[447] Turkey has an Embassy in Seoul.^[447] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).^[448] 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.^[448] Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.^[448] Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.	√
Sri Lanka	4 Feb. 1948^[449]	See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations Sri Lanka has an Embassy in Ankara.^[449] Turkey has an Embassy in Colombo.^[449] Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).^[450]	X
Taiwan	Started in 1934, Ended in 1971	See Taiwan–Turkey relations Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.	X
Tajikistan	29 Jan. 1992^[451]	See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Tajikistan has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Dushanbe. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD).^[452] 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Thailand	1958^[453]	See Thailand–Turkey relations Thailand has an Embassy in Ankara.^[453] Turkey has an Embassy in Bangkok.^[453] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).^[454] 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.^[453] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.^[453]	X
Tonga	26 Jan. 1976^[455]	See Tonga–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976.^[455] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[455]	X
Tuvalu	19 July 1979^[456]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu.^[456] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[456]	X
Vanuatu	10 April 1987^[457]	Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.^[457] Vanuatu has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.^[457] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).^[457]	X
Vietnam	1978^[458]	See Turkey–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an Embassy in Ankara.^[458] Turkey has an Embassy in Hanoi.^[458] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD).^[459] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.^[458]	X

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Armenia		See Armenia–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended over the Nagorno-Karabakh War.	X
Bahrain	12 April 1973^[460]	See Bahrain–Turkey relations Bahrain has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Manama. Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD).^[461] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.	X
Cyprus		Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.	√
Northern Cyprus	1983^[174]	See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Northern Cyprus has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Gaziantep, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin and Trabzon. Turkey has an Embassy in North Nicosia^[462] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.	Free Trade
Georgia	21 May 1992^[463]	See Georgia–Turkey relations Georgia has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon.^[464] Turkey has an Embassy in Tbilisi and a Consulate General in Batumi.^[464] Both countries are members of Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and WTO. Turkey supports Georgia's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.58/0.27 billion USD).^[465] 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.^[464] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tbilisi.	√^[235]
Iran	1835^[33]	See Iran–Turkey relations Iran has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum.^[466] Turkey has an Embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad.^[466] Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.60 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.31/3.29 billion USD).^[467] 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.	X
Iraq	16 January 1928	See Iraq–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.^[468] Iraq has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Baghdad and a Consulate General in Erbil. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).^[469] 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Kurdistan Region	2001	See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
Israel		See Israel–Turkey relations See also: History of the Jews in Turkey Israel has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tel Aviv. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD).^[470] 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019. The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust.^[471] A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel. Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.	√^[235]
Jordan	11 January 1947^[472]	See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an Embassy in Ankara.^[473] Turkey has an Embassy in Amman.^[473] Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD).^[474] 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.^[473] Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March.^[473] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.	X
Kuwait	10 January 1964^[475]	See Kuwait–Turkey relations Kuwait has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Kuwait City. Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).^[476] 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	X
Lebanon	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.^[477] Lebanon has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Beirut. Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD). 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.^[478] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.	Pending Ratification^[235]
Oman	18 June 1973^[479]	See Oman–Turkey relations Oman has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Muscat. Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).^[480]	X
Palestine	15 Nov. 1988^[481]	See Palestine–Turkey relations Palestine has an Embassy in Ankara.^[481] Turkey has a Consulate General in Jerusalem accredited to Palestine.^[481] Trade volume between the two countries was 84 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 82/2 million USD).^[482] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.	√^[235]
Qatar	20 March 1973^[136]	See Qatar–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Doha. United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018.^[483] Turkey has a military base in Qatar.^[484] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.	X
Saudi Arabia	3 August 1929^[59]	See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Saudi Arabia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.^[485] Turkey has an Embassy in Riyadh and a Consulate General in Jeddah.^[486]^[487] Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).^[488] 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Syria	8 March 1946 (relations suspended 2011)	See Syria–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.^[477] Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011.	√^[235]
United Arab Emirates	1971^[489]	See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Abu Dhabi and a Consulate General in Dubai. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).^[490]	X
Yemen	4 March 1946^[62]	See Turkey–Yemen relations Yemen has an Embassy in Ankara.^[491] Turkey has an Embassy in Sana'a.^[491] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.^[491]	X