Foreign_relations_of_Western_Sahara

Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Since the country is not widely recognised, the government has asked Independent Diplomat to serve its interests.[1]

Recognition

As of September 2022, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states. Of these, 38 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state. [citation needed] The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remained the only African nation not within the AU between South Africa's admittance in 1994 and (re-)joining the African Union in 2017. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[2][3] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[4][5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[6] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[7][8]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[9]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations

Memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and SADR, in Quito, July 2012

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the Polisario representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria. Strong support of Sahrawi cause from some countries is demonstrated by foreign delegation's visits in Liberated Territories of Western Sahara.[note 1][note 2]

Current diplomatic relations

Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR
  Recognition of SADR only

A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 28 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. As of 6 August 2018, Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 20 September 2022, South Sudan is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.

More information #, State ...

Former diplomatic relations

Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations[note 3] and recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past
  Recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past only

A total of 16 states or more [note 3] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past. Their relations with SADR are now suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 12 March 2020, Liberia is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

More information #, State ...

Relations with international organisations

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

More information International Organisation, Status ...

International treaties and conventions

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.

More information International treaty or convention, Signature ...

Participation in international sports federations

In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.

More information International Organisation, Status ...

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    While ambassadors usually presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Camp Rabuni in Algeria, Cuban and Namibian ambassadors in March 2018 and Zimbabwean ambassador as third in May 2018 presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Liberated Territories of the SADR (in Bir Lehlou or Tifariti).[10][11]
  2. [N 2]
    In May 2018, delegations represented by the ambassadors of Vietnam, Ecuador, Namibia, Cuba and South Africa and diplomats from Ethiopia, Uganda, Angola and Nigeria attended the festivities commemorating the 45th anniversary of the outbreak of the Sahrawi armed struggle in Tifariti, Liberated Territories.[12]
  3. [N 3]
    The number of States which maintained diplomatic relations with SADR in the past is likely to be more, but for any relations with States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  4. [N 4]
    According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[94][95]
  5. [N 5]
    The number of former embassies which existed in the past is likely to be more, but for any embassies to/of states that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  6. [N 6]
    The former embassies usually continue to work, but as a unilateral Representative Offices without diplomatic privileges from the host country.
  7. [N 7]
    In the framework of the Andean Parliament.
  8. [N 8]
    There is not a formal status of the SADR, but here is the SADR official participation in the activities of this international organization.
  9. [N 9]
    NAASP does not have formalised membership, it is open to States of Asia and Africa.
  10. [N 10]
    There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member states are represented as guests at NAM conferences.
  11. [N 11]
    N.F.-Board is defunct since January 2013.

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