Hellenistic and Byzantine walls

In antiquity, a settlement known as Cydonia existed on the site of modern Chania. By the Hellenistic period, in around the 3rd century BC, the Cydonia was surrounded by walls. These were reinforced by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th and 7th centuries AD, before the city was destroyed by Saracens Arabs in 828.^[1]

Eventually, the Byzantines retook the city, and built a new fortress on the hill of Kastelli in the 10th century, to prevent a second Arab invasion. Some parts of the Byzantine wall still exist in Sifaka Street.^[2]

Venetian walls

Crete was occupied by the Republic of Venice in the 13th century. Initially they settled within the Byzantine walls on the hill of Kastelli, but the settlement eventually grew and a number of burgs developed outside the city walls. In 1336, it was decided that walls were to be built around the burgs, and the fortifications were completed within 20 years. The walls were modified over time and their height was increased.^[1]

By the early 16th century, the expanding Ottoman Empire became a major threat for the Venetians, and they decided to build new fortifications in Chania, as well as Heraklion and Rethymno. Work on the new fortifications began in 1536, to a design of Michele Sanmicheli. They were completed in 1568.^[2] Construction of the fortifications of Chania as well as a fortress on Thodorou cost a total of 87,000 ducats.^[1]

In 1620, the Firkas Fortress was built to protect Chania's harbour. In 1630, the city was armed with 319 cannons, 30,695 cannonballs and 413.274 lbs of gunpowder.^[1]

Ottoman rule to present day

The fifth Ottoman–Venetian War broke out when the Ottoman Navy arrived off Crete on 23 June 1645. The Ottomans first landed 15 miles west of Chania, and the local militia fled before them. They besieged the city for 56 days, and it fell on 22 August after the walls on the southwestern part of the city were breached.^[3][4] After the siege, the Ottomans restored the breached walls, and later modernized and renovated them. Chania remained under Ottoman control until November 1898.^[1]

Parts of the walls on the south side were demolished by the Cretan State in the early 20th century, since they limited the growth of the city. The union of the Creten State with Greece was celebrated at Firkas Fortress on 1 December 1913.^[5]