Gaius Caninius Rebilus (fl. 52 – 45 BC) was a Roman general and politician. As a reward for devoted service, Julius Caesar appointed him consul suffectus on the last day of December 45 BC.

Rebilus, a novus homo of the late Republic,^[1] served with Julius Caesar throughout the Gallic Wars and the Civil Wars. He was Military tribune in Gaul in 52 BC,^[2] before becoming one of Caesar's legates in 51 BC.^[3]

During the later stages of the Gallic War he commanded two legions on the southern slope of the heights during the siege of Alesia, where Caesar's defences were weakest.^[4] With great difficulty, and the timely support of Titus Labienus, he withstood the last major attack on the Roman position there on 2 October 52 BC.^[5] The following year he was sent to pursue Cadurci leader Lucterius, who fled to the stronghold of Uxellodunum which Rebilus proceeded to besiege.^[6] Attempting to emulate the tactics at Alesia, he was forced to deal with repeated sorties which disrupted his attempts to complete his lines. Eventually Caesar made his way there to take overall command of the siege.^[7]

Two years after Alesia, the Andecavi, led by Dumnacus, continued war against Rome and laid siege to Limonum (present-day Poitiers), an oppidum of the Pictones. Gaius Caninius Rebilus led the Roman relief army and forced them to lift the siege and retreat. The army of the Andecavi was pursued by the Romans and suffered heavy casualties. In a decisive battle the following day, the Romans killed some 12,000 men. Dumnacus escaped, and when Armorica surrendered, he went into self-imposed exile.^[8]

On the outbreak of the civil war in 49 BC, Rebilus accompanied Caesar in his march into Italy and he was sent to Brundisium as an unsuccessful negotiator to Pompey.^[9] Later that year, he was sent by Caesar as a legate under Gaius Scribonius Curio in the hope that Rebilus would compensate for Curio's lack of military experience.^[10] He pushed Curio to take advantage of a break in the enemy lines to achieve victory at the Battle of Utica,^[11] and after the latter's defeat and death, he was one of the few who escaped from Africa.^[12] In the following year (48 BC), it is assumed that he was made praetor.^[13]

In 46 BC returned to Africa as proconsul with Caesar,^[14] under whom he served in the Thapsus campaign, laying siege to Thapsus and accepting the surrender of Gaius Vergilius, the governor of Africa.^[15] The next year he accompanied Caesar to Spain as his legate,^[16] joining him to fight in the last stand of the Republicans at Munda, after which he occupied the town of Hispalis during the push to drive out the demoralized Republicans.^[17]

On the last day of December 45 BC, the consul Quintus Fabius Maximus suddenly died and Caesar made Rebilus consul suffectus for the few remaining hours of the year,^[18][19] to the scorn of Cicero, who commented, "Understand therefore that in the consulship of Caninius no one breakfasted. However, while he was consul there was no harm done, for he was so astonishingly vigilant that throughout his consulship he never ever closed his eyes."^[20][21]

His grandfather had once been urban praetor.^[22] He had a son, Gaius Caninius Rebilus, who was suffect consul in 12 BC.

• Caninia gens