Development of Central Park

By the 1840s, members of the city's elite were publicly calling for the construction of a new large park in Manhattan.^[3] At the time, Manhattan's seventeen squares comprised a combined 165 acres (67 ha) of land,^[4] constituting less than one percent of Manhattan's total area.^[5] An initial bill to acquire Jones's Wood, a 160-acre (65 ha) tract of land on the Upper East Side, was nullified in 1851,^[6] and a subsequent bill to approve the purchase of Jones's Wood was also defeated in 1854.^[7][8] The second possible site for a large public park was a 750-acre (300 ha) area labeled Central Park, which was bounded by 59th and 106th Streets between Fifth and Eighth Avenues.^[6][9][10]

In July 1853, the New York State Legislature passed the Central Park Act, authorizing the purchase of the present-day site of Central Park.^[7][8] The initial plans for Central Park were devised by Egbert Ludovicus Viele, who had devised unofficial plans for the park in 1853.^[11][12][13] Viele's plan was disregarded by the Central Park commission,^[14][15] who started a landscape design contest in April 1857 to find a suitable design for the park.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Acceptance of Greensward Plan

Central Park superintendent Frederick Law Olmsted worked with Calvert Vaux to create the "Greensward Plan", which was eventually decided as the winner of the contest.^[19][20][21] The Greensward Plan distinguished itself from many of the other designs in the contest by including four sunken "transverse" roadways, which carried crosstown traffic through Central Park and were not intended to be seen or heard from the rest of the park.^[16][22][23] The transverse roadways were the most difficult to construct, as they were to run below the rest of the park, but engineer J. H. Pieper devised several designs for bridges and retaining walls for each roadway.^[24]

Along with the transverse roads, the plan envisioned three categories of park paths: "carriage" roadways for pleasure vehicles; bridle paths for horses; and pedestrian walkways.^[25] These paths would cross each other, necessitating bridges and arches interspersed through the park, each with unique designs ranging from rugged rock spans to Neo-Gothic cast iron. Many of the bridges would be designed by Vaux.^[26]

Bridge types

There were three types of bridges and arches constructed in Central Park. The spans across the sunken transverse roads were made of natural-looking schist, with vaults of brick underneath;^[25] these were not included in the final bridge count.^[1] The other two types of bridges concerned crossings between the different types of paths in Central Park. "Ornamental Bridges or Archways" were larger spans integrated into the greater landscape and were made of brick, stone, or iron.^[27] Seven of the "ornamental" spans were made of iron; all except one of these bridges spanned bridle paths, the exception being the Bow Bridge, which spanned the Lake.^[28]

"Rustic" bridges were smaller and usually spanned small walkways or streams.^[27] There were six "rustic" wooden spans, as well as two stone spans (the Ramble and Riftstone Arches) that were sometimes considered to be rustic spans.^[29][28] Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould made decisions on which materials to use in the spans. Vaux preferred to use bluestone, or brick mixed with granite and brownstone.^[30]

Initially, the bridges were all given numbers, mostly in the order that they were to be constructed.^[28] Most of the spans, except for the Bow Bridge, were designed to blend in with the surrounding environment, because Olmsted and Vaux wanted to maintain a pastoral ambiance within the park.^[1]

Construction

The initial plans called for seven bridges and two tunnels, as well as one masonry bridge and one footbridge. This number was later expanded to nineteen bridges, then to thirty-four and finally to thirty-nine.^[1] Most of the bridges were erected in the 1860s, during the initial construction of Central Park.^[28] The first spans were completed in 1859 and were mostly concentrated in the southern section of Central Park.^{[28][31]: 5, 7 (PDF pp. 6, 8)} Twenty-three bridges were completed before 1861, and eleven were completed from 1862 to 1865.^[28] Controversy arose in 1859 after it was found that the construction of Central Park had significant cost overrun, and the commissioners expressed concerns about the cost of the bridges' stone.^[30] This led to the approval of the "rustic" bridges in the northern section of Central Park.^[32]

By 1872, there were thirty-three spans.^[1] Inscope Arch, along with the original Gapstow Bridge and the now-demolished Outset Arch, were built in 1873 to alleviate traffic congestion. The three spans were built as per the suggestion of Olmsted and Vaux's landscape firm, which was no longer associated with Central Park at the time.^[33][34][35] Claremont and Mountcliff Arches, as well as Eagledale Bridge, were finished in 1890.^[36][37][38] The wooden Gapstow Bridge was replaced with a stone span in 1896.^[39] Of the thirty-nine arches and bridges that were ultimately built,^[2] thirty-five were designed by Vaux and Mould.^[40] Three spans were demolished in the 1930s:^[40][1][2] the Marble Arch, the Spur Rock Arch, and the Outset Arch.^[41][42][43]

Rustic bridges

There are also eight "rustic" bridges in Central Park, the majority of which were made of unpainted timber.^[135] Riftstone and Ramble Arches are excluded from this list, as they are already classified as arches.^[29] The other six rustic bridges are all wooden.^[135]