Henry Middleton (September 28, 1770 – June 14, 1846) was an American planter and political leader from Charleston, South Carolina. He was the 43rd Governor of South Carolina (1810–1812), and represented South Carolina in the U. S. Congress (1815–1819).

Middleton served as Minister to Russia (1820–1830), being sent there in the first instance to replace George Washington Campbell, so as to look after interests in the discussions preparatory to arbitration by Czar Alexander I on the question of compensation under Article 1 of the Treaty of Ghent as regards enslaved Americans who went away with the British during and after the War of 1812.^[1]

His summer home at Greenville from 1813 to 1820, known as Whitehall, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.^[2] He and his family also spent some of their summer in Newport, RI staying at Stone Villa (demolished in 1957).

His father (Arthur Middleton) and his grandfather (Henry Middleton) had both served in the Continental Congress. Williams Middleton was his son. He had 14 children with wife Mary Helen Hering, daughter of Julines Hering (1732–1797), a planter on Jamaica:^[3] ten of their children lived into adulthood, including his youngest son Edward Middleton.