Herta Oberheuser (15 May 1911 – 24 January 1978) was a German Nazi physician and convicted war criminal who performed medical atrocities on prisoners at the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp. For her role in the Holocaust, she was sentenced to 20 years in prison at the Doctors' Trial, but served only five years of her sentence. A survivor of Ravensbrück called Oberheuser "a beast masquerading as a human".^[1]

In 1937, Oberheuser obtained her medical degree in Bonn, having specialized in dermatology.^[2] Soon thereafter she joined the Nazi Party as an intern, and later served as doctor for the League of German Girls.^[2] In 1940, Oberheuser was appointed to serve as an assistant to Karl Gebhardt, then Chief Surgeon of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Heinrich Himmler's personal doctor.^[2]

Oberheuser and Gebhardt came to Ravensbrück in 1942 in order to conduct experiments on its prisoners, with an emphasis on finding better methods of treating infection.^[2] The experiments were performed by a group of doctors known as the 'Hohenlychen group'.^[3] Oberheuser was one of the members responsible for post operative care of the victims, but is recalled by witnesses as having done not much other than making the injuries worse.^[3] For example, one witness Stefania Lotocka remembers Oberheuser refusing to provide water to many victims and, when she did, mixing it with vinegar.^[3] The group conducted gruesome medical experiments (treating purposely infected wounds with sulfonamide, as well as bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration and transplantation) on 86 women, 74 of whom were Polish political prisoners. Five of them died as a direct result of the experiments.^[4][5]

Herta Oberheuser was the only female defendant in the Nuremberg "Doctors' trial", where she was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Her sentence was commuted to 10 years in January 1951, a benefit of massive protests by West German citizens and politicians over the upcoming executions of the remaining 28 war criminals who were on death row under U.S. military law.^[6]

Oberheuser served her sentence at Landsberg Prison, and was released in April 1952 for good behaviour and became a family doctor in Stocksee, near Kiel, in West Germany. She lost her position in August 1958 after a Ravensbrück survivor recognized her, and the interior minister of Schleswig-Holstein, Helmut Lemke, revoked her medical license and shut down her practice. Oberheuser appealed to the Schleswig-Holstein administrative court, which rejected the appeal in December 1960. She never practiced medicine again and was fined.^[7][8] She died in a German nursing home in 1978.^[2][3]