History of rebellion

The Rif region has a long-standing history of rebellion against government control and distrust towards Moroccan central authorities.

In the summer of 1921, Rif tribal fighters, defeated the Spanish army who attempted to take control over the region, killing more than 10,000 of their troops at the Battle of Anual, representing the largest lost suffered in a single day by any colonial force in Africa during the twentieth century.^[4] The rebellion's leader, Muhammed bin ‘Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, officially declared the independence of the Rif Republic on September 18, 1921, and established governing institutions. After a couple of years, the newly installed republic was crushed by French and British forces, and Abd al-Karim surrendered on May 26, 1926.^[5]

During and after the colonisation, the Rif has been marginalised by the authorities, and the legacy of resistance passed from one generation to another. Rebellion sparked again between 1957 and 1958, through a popular uprising named the Rif Revolt, which was violently crushed by Moroccan forces, leading to the death of 3000 Rifians. The region was subsequently declared a military zone.^[3] The brutal repression left the region with a lasting memory of injustice that translated into distrust for the state.^[6]

Marginalisation of the Rif

For decades, Rifians have felt politically, economically and culturally marginalized and discriminated against.^[7] Central authorities began to invest in the region only after an earthquake in 2004 caused great damages. Despite this renewed interest, the Rif still suffers from high unemployment rates, exceeding 20 percent of the labor force, which represents twice the national average, while the informal economy prevails. Most households rely on the financial support of family members living in Europe, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium.^[8] The region also lacks education: 43.8% of the population does not have any diploma, compared to 36.9% nationally.^[9]

Protest trigger

Mouhcine Fikri, a 31-year-old fish seller, was crushed to death in a rubbish bin on October 28, 2016, in the city of Al Hoceima, as he tried to rescue his fish catch the police had confiscated from him on the grounds that he did not possess a fishing licence.^[3] To locals, his death was a striking example of hogra—humiliating treatment by an abusive state.^[10] The death sparked a set of protests, that persisted and progressively widened their focus to acknowledge some larger political and social grievances.^[3] The protests were described as "the largest display of public anger in Morocco since the Arab Springs in 2011."^[10]

Mobilisation of Rifian regional identity

The movement mobilised the Rifian rebel regional identity to guarantee its unity. Protestors waved Rif Republic flags along with Amazigh banners and sang songs in honour of Abd Al-Karim.^[3] Abdelkrim's picture was also overwhelmingly present during the protests, as a symbol of Rifian particularism.^[12]

Nasser Zefzafi

The Hirak Rif's leader, Nasser Zefzafi, was a central figure for the movement's unity. Zefzafi's capability of alternating between his mother tongue (Amazigh-Rifi), the Moroccan dialect (Darija), and standard Arabic, enabled him to include a mixture of ideological and political statements in his speeches, that crossed traditional divisions by bridging Islamists and secularists, as well as Arabs and Amazighs.^[6]

Protest strategy

Hirak Rif activists distrust political parties and elite members of the government in properly answering their demands. Therefore, Nasser Zefzafi bypassed political actors, and addressed the king directly, asking him to intervene personally.^[6]

For the first six weeks, Hirak Rif activists marched peacefully. When the police started to limit the protests by closing-off squares, Nasser Zefzafi relied on Chen-Ten, a contemporary development of the guerrilla tactics used by Rifians against Spanish colonisation between 1921 and 1926, which consists of gathering people rapidly and in an unexpected manner.^[13]

To maintain the pressure on the authorities, Hirak Rif's activists chose to organise frequent and small protests in villages all over the region, rather than great sporadic protests in big cities.^[14] To counter the authorities' ban and repression of the movement, activists sought new ways of protesting by climbing on rooftops, beating pots at night, or protesting on the sea.^[6]

Use of social media

Hirak Rif activists highly used social media to mobilise and gain support for the movement. Zefzafi created a Facebook page that attracted tens of thousands of followers and his Facebook live videos were watched by hundreds of thousands of viewers. No Moroccan politician has been able to achieve such a large audience other than Abdelilah Benkirane before he was removed from the prime minister's office.^[6] Social media was particularly used by Zefzafi to talk live to the movement's activists in order to quickly gather them in the streets.^[13]

Political response

In the immediate aftermath of Mouhcine Fikri's death, King Mohammed VI called upon the Interior Minister to launch an investigation into the possible involvement of the police in his death and personally presented his condolences to the fisherman's family in Al-Hoceima.^[12]

Witnessing the protests' persistence, King Mohammed VI sent the newly appointed Minister of Interior, Abdelouafi Laftit, to meet with elected officials and local leaders in the Rif to reinstate the state's commitment to "pursue its development approach," while warning those who "work to exploit the protest movements in the region in order to fuel situations of social and political tension.^[15] The repression was intensified from May 2017.^[16]

On 26 May 2017, while a truce was agreed upon between the government and Rif Hirak's leaders after months of protests and repression, Minister of Islamic Affairs, Ahmed Toufiq, relaunched the strife through the political use of religion. Indeed, he asked Rifian imams to deliver sermons on youth activism creating fitna (chaos) between Muslims, which enraged the movement's activists and triggered great protests in Al Hoceima.^[17] Those accusations followed a series of claims that Hirak activists were funded by foreign governments, and were separatists, charges they have thoroughly denied.^[18]

On 25 June 2017, King Mohammed VI issued his only official response to the Rif Hirak's demands, through the palace spokesperson, speaking about delays to a development project he claimed to have launched in Al Hoceima in 2015 due to local officials, while stressing that it "should not be politicised".^[19] A few days later, on June 28, Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani, speaking on behalf of the king, announced the launch of development projects throughout Morocco, not just in Al Hoceima. He expressed his regrets regarding a particularly violent police crackdown of a protest, and requested a fair trial for the 150 arrested Hirak's activists, along with lawful detention conditions, answering claims of torture upon the movement's detainees.^[20]

On 23 July 2017, in a speech commemorating the 18th anniversary of his ascension to the throne, King Mohammed VI reinstated local officials's fault in a development project's delay and pardoned a number of activists who had been detained, including the singer Silya Ziani.^[21]

In 2019, several activists were sentenced to 20 years in prison following a lengthy trial period, including Zefzafi. The upholding of these sentences sparked outrage among the relatives of the accused and thousands protested in Rabat against their sentencing.^[22] In July 2019, the King granted royal pardon to 4,764 prisoners, including an unknown number of Hirak protesters.^[23]

Crackdowns