Historical_annual_reformulations_of_the_influenza_vaccine

Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine

Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine

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Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued annual recommendations for influenza vaccine formulations. One reformulation of the influenza vaccine is for the Northern Hemisphere, and the other is for the Southern Hemisphere.[1] Both recommendations are trivalent, i.e. featuring three strains.[2]

Since the 2012–2013 season, the WHO recommendations have also included the formulation of an annual quadrivalent vaccine, featuring an additional strain of Influenza B virus.[2]

Due to the widespread use of non-pharmaceutical interventions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the B/Yamagata influenza lineage has not been isolated since March 2020, and may have been eradicated. Starting with the 2024 Southern Hemisphere influenza season, the WHO has recommended removing B/Yamagata from all influenza vaccines.[3][4] For the 2024–2025 Northern Hemisphere influenza season, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends removing B/Yamagata from all influenza vaccines.[5] The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommends removing B/Yamagata from influenza vaccines for the 2024–2025 seasonal flu vaccine composition.[6]

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.[2]

More information NH winter season, Influenza A H1N1 ...

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Southern Hemisphere influenza season.

More information SH winter season, Influenza A H1N1 ...

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    The recommendation was for either the B/Victoria or the B/Yamagata strain.
  2. [N 2]
    (H1N1)pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, not a different strain.
  3. [N 3]
    It is recommended that A/Texas/50/2012 is used as the A(H3N2) vaccine component because of antigenic changes in earlier A/Victoria/361/2011-like vaccine viruses (such as IVR-165) resulting from adaptation to propagation in eggs.
  4. [N 4]
    A/Texas/50/2012 is an A(H3N2) virus that following adaptation to growth in eggs has maintained antigenic properties similar to the majority of recently circulating cell-propagated A(H3N2) viruses including A/Victoria/361/2011.
  5. [N 5]
    The WHO, the FDA, and the EMA advise that the B/Yamagata lineage antigen should be excluded from influenza vaccines as it is no longer warranted.

References

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