Horst_and_graben

Horst and graben

Horst and graben

Topography consisting of alternating raised and lowered fault blocks

In geology, horst and graben (or range and valley) refers to topography consisting of alternating raised and lowered fault blocks known as horsts and grabens. The features are created by normal faulting and rifting caused by crustal extension.[1] Horst and graben are formed when normal faults of opposite dip occur in pairs with parallel strike, and are always formed together. Each feature can range in size from a few centimeters up to tens of kilometers, and the vertical displacement can be up to several thousand meters. The movement on either side of each block is typically equal, resulting in little tilting.[2]

Diagram of horsts and grabens

Features

Horst

Main article: Horst (geology)

A horst is a section of crust that has been lifted relative to the blocks on either side, which is a result of its bounding faults dipping away from each other.[2] Horsts can form features such as plateaus, mountain ranges or ridges on either side of the valleys.[1]

Graben

Main article: Graben

A graben is a section of crust that has lowered relative to the blocks on either side, which is a result of its bounding faults dipping towards each other.[2] The plural of graben can be either graben or grabens. Graben form low-lying features such as basins and rift valleys.[1][2] They can be very long relative to their width.

Examples

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "Horst and Graben". National Park Service. 2020-04-22.
  2. [2]
    "horst and graben". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. [3]
    Valdiya, K. S. (2015-11-26). The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution. Springer. ISBN 9783319250298.
  4. [4]
    Valdiya, K.S.; Sanwal, Jaishri (2017-01-01). "Satpura Horst and Narmada–Tapi Grabens". Neotectonism in the Indian Subcontinent - Landscape Evolution. Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Vol. 22. pp. 237–247. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63971-4.00010-4. ISBN 9780444639714. ISSN 0928-2025.


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