Hsenwi_State

Hsenwi State

Hsenwi State

Former Shan state in Burma

This article is about one of the former Shan States. For the present-day administrative division, see Hsenwi Township. For the town, see Hsenwi.

Hsenwi (Shan: သဵၼ်ႈဝီ; Tai Nuea: ᥔᥦᥢᥲ ᥝᥤᥴ), also known as Theinni (Burmese: သိန္နီ), was a Shan state in the Northern Shan States in what is today Burma. The capital was Hsenwi town.

Quick Facts သဵၼ်ႈဝီ, Area ...

History

Most Tai Yai chronicles begin with the story of two brothers, Khun Lung and Khun Lai, who descended from heaven in the 6th century and landed in Hsenwi, where the local population hailed them as kings.[1]

According to tradition, the predecessor state of Siviraṭṭha was founded before 650 AD.

Hsenwi was the largest of the cis-Salween Shan states, and at one time included all of what are now the present states of North and South Hsenwi, Kehsi Mansam, Mong Hsu, Mong Sang, and Mong Nawng.[2] It held Mongnai State until c. 1802.[3][circular reference] It also held Mang Lon and other Wa states east of the Salween[2] in a protectorate-like arrangement, but during Burmese times, the state lost control of these areas.

During the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) the Qianlong Emperor of China invaded the area of Hsenwi. The main Chinese army, led by Ming Rui, was to approach Ava through Hsenwi, Lashio and Hsipaw down the Namtu river. The main invasion route was the same route followed by the Manchu forces a century earlier, chasing the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty. The second army, led by Gen. E'erdeng'e, was to try the Bhamo route again.[4] The ultimate objective was for both armies to clamp themselves in a pincer action on the Burmese capital of Ava.[5] The Burmese plan was to hold the second Chinese army in the north at Kaungton with the army led by Ne Myo Sithu, and meet the main Chinese army in the northeast with two armies led by Maha Sithu and Maha Thiha Thura.[6]

At first, everything went according to plan for the Qing. The third invasion began in November 1767 as the smaller Chinese army attacked and occupied Bhamo. Within eight days, Ming Rui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw.[6] Ming Rui made Hsenwi a supply base, and assigned 5000 troops to remain at Hsenwi and guard the rear. He then led a 15,000-strong army in the direction of Ava. In late December, at the Goteik Gorge (south of Hsipaw), the two main armies faced off and the first major battle of the third invasion ensued. Outnumbered two-to-one, Maha Sithu's main Burmese army was thoroughly routed by Ming Rui's Bannermen. Maha Thiha Thura too was repulsed at Hsenwi.[7][8] The news of the disaster at Goteik reached Ava. Hsinbyushin finally realized the gravity of the situation, and urgently recalled Burmese armies from Siam.[9]

Having smashed through the main Burmese army, Ming Rui pressed on full steam ahead, overrunning one town after another, and reached Singu on the Irrawaddy, 30 miles north of Ava at the beginning of 1768. The only bright spot for the Burmese was that the northern invasion force, which was to come down the Irrawaddy to join up with Ming Rui's main army, had been held off at Kaungton.[7]

British rule and division of the state

At the time of the annexation following British rule in Burma, Hsenwi was composed of five de jure divisions; but the administration of the area was in chaos, with no central control.

After the pacification of the region in March 1888, the colonial administration divided Hsenwi into two states:[2][10]

Rulers

The rulers of Hsenwi bore the title Saopha.[11]

Saophas

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Rulers before splitting[12]

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See also

References

  1. [1]
    Historical Studies of the Tai Yai: A Brief Sketch in Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong by Yos Santasombat
  2. [2]
    Scott, James George (1911). "Theinni" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–744.
  3. [3]
    Mongnai State
  4. [4]
    Hall 1960, p. 28.
  5. [5]
    Haskew et al. 2008, pp. 27–31.
  6. [6]
    Kyaw Thet 1962, pp. 314–318.
  7. [7]
    Htin Aung 1967, pp. 178–179.
  8. [8]
    Phayre 1884, pp. 196–198.
  9. [9]
    Harvey 1925, p. 253.
  10. [10]
    Burma Journal-1925 Page 120
  11. [11]
    Shan and Karenni States of Burma
  12. [12]
    Scott, James George, Sir (January 1967). "Hsenwi State Chronicle".The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-12.

Bibliography

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