Social structure

Alpacas are herd animals and will gather together in a large mass to retreat when confronted with a threat.^[14] A male leader, termed the alpha, will take responsibility for herd protection and will display defensive behaviors such as biting, bumping, or kicking in the face of danger.^[15][16][17] Female alpacas and infants called crias will defer to the alpha male when the herd is integrated. In livestock production, females and males are often separated to reduce unintentional breeding. In this case, a hierarchy among females will form based on age. The youngest alpaca will hold the lowest status and exhibit submissive body language when approached by a higher-ranking alpaca. This body language looks like a lowering of the head, flattening of the ears, and turning up of the tail.^[17]

Once the hierarchy is established, alpacas will settle into relationships between themselves and other alpacas they have contact with for long periods of time. Therefore, it is best for the animals' welfare not to separate familiar alpacas. These relationships can be identified by noticing if alpacas are grazing close to each other, resting with each other, or exchanging soft humming sounds often. These vocalizations are the alpacas' way of talking to each other.^[17]

Predation

Common predators for alpacas include aggressive domesticated dogs, mountain lions, coyotes, wolves, black bears, grizzly bears, foxes, and eagles. The risk of attacks from these predators is higher in rural areas where wildlife habitats overlap with alpaca pasture. Guardian animals can be used to protect alpacas from predators including the use of a guard dog and the integration of llamas and donkeys into the herd.^[18]

Alpacas themselves can be used as guardian animals for sheep and goats.^[19][15] While they have a docile nature towards humans, they create strong bonds with other prey animals they don't find threatening and are very protective of these relationships. Alpacas can exhibit defensive behaviors in the face of canines they are unfamiliar with and will pursue and kick aggressors.^[15]

Diet

Huacaya alpacas share digestive tract anatomy with their biological family, Camelidae. Camelids are herbivore ruminants classified into a special suborder, Tylopoda, because they only have three stomach compartments. They are not considered "true ruminants" like cattle, sheep, and goats which have four stomach compartments. Similar to true ruminants, camelids regurgitate swallowed food and chew on it to further break down the material. This act is referred to as remastication or chewing cud, and it makes camelids adept at digesting fiber.^[14]

Alpacas require a dry matter intake of 1.8% of their body weight.^[14][20] Dry matter intake refers to the amount of feed eaten minus the water weight of that feed. So, the only aspect that is being measured is the forage and not the water. This is important to consider when comparing dry feeds which have <10% water content and pasture grass which has >80% water content.^[14]

Alpacas as livestock can be provided a free range of forages in the form of pasture grasses and legumes (alfalfa or clover hay). Protein and calcium levels are higher in hay than in grasses, which makes hay a nutritious addition to an alpaca's diet. Feeding alpacas grains is another way to provide carbohydrates for energy, but not protein or minerals. This is why grains are better to be used as a small supplement to an alpaca's diet. Overfeeding grain can generate an excess of lactic acid in the alpaca's stomach in a process called acidosis.^[20]

Poisons

When giving alpacas free range in pastures, it is important to take into account the possible poisonous plants they may have access to. Ornamental flowers such as the geranium, daisy, and spathe are toxic to alpacas. Certain shrubs such as horse brush, rhododendron, and Russian thistle are also poisonous.^[14][21] Weeds including arrow grass, bracken fern, cocklebur, and death camas are dangerous and should be removed from an alpaca's pasture.^[14]

Insecticides, heavy metals, and mold are other poisons. Insecticide-sprayed pasture or grasses grown from soil polluted with lead, mercury, and copper are deadly to alpacas. Mold is most commonly encountered in moldy hay due to humidity, storage conditions, and wetness. Moldy hay should never be fed to alpacas because while some molds are harmless, others can kill.^[14]

Disease

Alpacas are very susceptible to parasites due to their grazing when parasites attached to grasses and soil are orally ingested. Common parasites for alpacas include lungworms, tapeworms, liver flukes, coccidia, mites, lice, ticks, and nasal bot. Dewormer shots can be given and crop rotation utilized to reduce the risk for parasites.^[14]

Bacterial diseases including anthrax, brucellosis, Johne's disease, and leptospirosis can be deadly, resulting in abortions or the death of alpacas that ingest the bacterial spores. For some bacterial infections, antibiotics can be given as treatment. However, in cases such as brucellosis, no vaccine has been developed for alpacas.^[14]

Common viral diseases for alpacas include rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, West Nile virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. There are similarly few vaccines for viral diseases in alpacas as there are bacterial vaccines. In the case of rabies, there is no treatment and the death rate is 100%.^[14] Prevention is a more effective method of addressing viral diseases and requires the quarantine of any sick animals.^[14]

Fungal diseases that impact alpacas include aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, and dermatophytosis. Treatment consists of the use of antifungal agents and topical ointments. The best preventative measure is to disinfect surface areas that sick alpaca have had contact with.^[14]