Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutive tropical cyclones to make landfall on the Pacific Coast of Mexico within a ten-day timespan in late June and early July 1996.[1] Alma was the third tropical depression, second tropical storm and first hurricane of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. The storm originated from an Atlantictropical wave that crossed Central America in mid-June 1996. In warmer than average waters of the open Pacific, the system gradually organized and was designated a tropical depression on June 20 before quickly intensifying to a tropical storm, receiving the name Alma. Early on June 22 Alma was upgraded to a hurricane and subsequently reached peak intensity of 969mb, a Category2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Alma made landfall on Mexico's southwest coast shortly thereafter, but it soon moved back out over water and began to weaken. Alma had severe impact in Mexico. Twenty deaths were reported. Total damage across the country is unknown.
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Hurricane Alma
Alma at peak intensity near landfall in Mexico on June 23
The origins of Alma is believed to be related to the tropical wave which spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic. Satellite imagery and upper–air observations indicated that the disturbance crossed Central America during the middle of June, entering warming than average waters of the Pacific. Initially, the system was located within a sheared environment, although it did not hinder development. The convection soon became aligned with the low–level center and during the overnight on June 20 it was designated as a tropical depression. The depression intensified and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma later that day. The wind shear relaxed it was upgraded to a hurricane at early on July 22 while tracking generally northwest.[2][3]
A mid–level trough located near Baja California and a mid- to-upper-level low over the southwest Gulf of Mexico began to steer Alma northward towards the southwest coast of Mexico, prior to reaching a peak intensity of 969mb at 1200UTC on June 23. Before long, the steering flow collapsed and the hurricane drifted further towards land. Later that day it made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas, although Alma quickly moved back over open water and meandered for about 36hours. This made the hurricane the first of three consecutive storms to make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span. It weakened to a tropical storm over land, before moving back to the open waters.[3]
However, a small portion of the circulation of Alma was still over land, and thus it was severely disrupted by Mexico's high terrain. Alma was tracking slowly along a path roughly parallel to the coastline, it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on June 25. Alma remained weak and dissipated on June 27.[3]
Alma was forecasted well, with errors well below long-term averages at the time. Despite this, tropical cyclone prediction models were a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, with the Aviation and GFDL models performing badly and the OFCI model performing well. The errors in dynamic models was attributed to a lack of data on upper-air conditions over the ocean southwest of the cyclone.[3]
Preparations and impact
In anticipation for the storm, hurricane warnings were placed into effect along 175mi (282km) of coastline between the resorts of Zihuatenejo and Manzanillo.[4][5] Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the passage of the hurricane.[6] Also, the Mexican government sent troops to the area to help with disaster relief, and the Michoacán state government sent five truckloads of bedding and medicines.[6] Prior to landfall, 14inches of rain was expected.[7]
In the Mexican states of Guerrero and Michoacán, the hurricane generated estimated wind gusts of up to 100mph (160km/h),[4] and dropped large amounts of rainfall peaking at 19.09in (485mm) of rainfall just east of where it had made landfall.[8] Also, there were reports of swells up to 12ft (3.7m) along the coast.[6] Three people died in Lazaro Cardenas when their house collapsed.[3][9] Alma ripped roofs off of some houses, downed power lines and uprooted numerous trees,[4][10] Flooding for Alma left thousands homeless.[11] Heavy rainfall resulted in major flooding in Puebla, which killed 17people.[3] In all, 20 deaths were reported in Mexico. Damage is unknown, since the official report has no damage figures.[3]
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Hurricane_Alma_(1996), and is written by contributors.
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