Hurricane Ella brought flooding to the Greater Antilles and Texas in September1958. The fifth named storm and third hurricane of the annual season, Ella developed from a tropical wave located just east of the Lesser Antilles on August30. Initially a tropical depression, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Ella six hours later. The system crossed the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea late on August30. Ella headed westward and by August31, intensified into a Category1 hurricane. Hours later, it strengthened into a Category2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm curved northwestward while south of Hispaniola and as a result, struck the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti on September1. Flooding in that country killed 30people in Aux Cayes and left 3other missing. Additionally, thousands were left homeless, about one-third of crops were washed out, and numerous cattle were killed.
After re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea, Ella made landfall on September2, near Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Heavy rainfall lead to flooding, which in turn caused hundreds to flee their homes, and resulted in 5fatalities. Hundreds of livestock drowned, and telephone and telegraph services were disrupted in many areas. The storm became disorganized while moving across the southern coast of Cuba and weakened to a tropical storm by later on September2. Ella reached the Gulf of Mexico on September 4 and briefly re-strengthened. However, it began to weaken again while approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States. The storm made landfall as a weak tropical storm near Corpus Christi, Texas on September6. It rapidly weakened inland and dissipated later that day. Rainfall and rough surf caused both inland and coastal flooding in Texas. Offshore, the captain of a snapper boat fell overboard and went missing; he was later presumed to have drowned.
Meteorological history
A tropical wave was first observed near 50°W on August29. Later that day, reconnaissance aircraft flight reported a wind shirt and above average shower and thunderstorm activity, but no low-level circulation.[1] At 0600UTC on August30, a tropical depression developed just east of the Lesser Antilles. Six hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ella. The storm moved through the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea late on August30.[2] A reconnaissance aircraft into Ella reported sustained winds between 55 and 60mph (95km/h). It was around that time that the Weather Bureau Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico began issuing bulletins and advisories.[1] Ella strengthened into a Category1 hurricane at 1200UTC on August31, six hours later, before becoming a Category2 hurricane. On September1, Ella curved west-northwestward, and by later that day, made landfall on the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti with winds of 110mph (175km/h).[2] However, the storm was operationally thought to have remained offshore.[1]
Ella re-emerged into the Caribbean Sea on September1, and on September2,[2] the storm made landfall near Santiago de Cuba, Cuba as a Category 1 Hurricane. Rough terrain over the island caused Ella to weaken to a Category1 hurricane on September2. Later that day, it further weakened to a tropical storm. The storm re-strengthened to 70mph (110km/h) before reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September4. Ella maintained this intensity for approximately 48hours while moving west-northwestward, but began to weaken again on September6. Hours later, the storm made landfall near Corpus Christi, Texas with winds of 45mph (75km/h). It weakened back to a tropical depression and dissipated by late on September6.[2]
Preparations and impact
Wind gusts in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were between 40 and 50mph (64 and 80km/h).[1] Heavy rainfall in the former caused local flooding. Damage was minor in both locations, confined mostly to crops.[3] In preparation for Ella on the island of Hispaniola, a hurricane warning was issued from Barahona, Dominican Republic, and along the Haitian coastline to Saint-Marc.[4] Ella brought heavy rains, peaking at 9.63in (245mm) in Polo, Barahona.[5] Damage from the resultant flooding in southwestern Dominican Republic reached $100,000.[1] Additionally, wind gusts up to 37mph (60km/h) were reported in Santo Domingo. Heavy precipitation in Haiti caused flash floods that killed 30people near Aux Cayes, and three other people were listed as missing.[1] As much as 5 to 6ft (1.5 to 1.8m) of water covered roads in low-lying areas. A combination of strong winds and flooding also rendered thousands homeless. Damage to agriculture was heavy, with numerous cattle killed and about one-third of crops washed out, mostly to bananas and sugar cane.[3] There was no monetary damage estimate, though losses in Haiti were noted to have been "considerable".[1]
Flooding also occurred in Cuba. Hundreds were evacuated from their homes in four different provinces in Cuba, including 400peasant families in Oriente Province.[6] Near Santiago de Cuba, 25houses were swept away after the Bayamo River overflowed. In the same area, a woman and her four sons drowned due to the swollen river. Additionally, a body of a man was recovered near Santa Cruz del Sur.[7] Hundreds of livestock drowned, and telephone and telegraph services were disrupted in many areas. Losses in Cuba were estimated to have reached $100,000.[1] Ella had a role in the Cuban Revolution as the government troops of Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar stayed in their barracks during the storm while the rebels made progress under cover of Ella. Later, when the guerrillas heard about Hurricane Fifi on the radio, Che Guevara taught his illiterate comrades that entities like tropical cyclones are named in alphabetical order.[8]
The outer bands of Ella produced gale-force winds in the Florida Keys, causing damage mainly to antennas, fences, shrubbery, and signs. Winds on Stock Island damaged and overturned 4trailers. Further north in Miami, a freighter was disabled and had to be towed in to port by the United States Coast Guard.[1] Due to fears of a storm similar to Hurricane Audrey in the previous year, some residents evacuated southwestern Louisiana. An estimated 1,500fled inland as Ella approached, leaving only 100people to ride out the storm.[9] In Louisiana, squalls from Ella caused the collision of two ocean-bound freighters along the Mississippi River near New Orleans.[10] Impact elsewhere in Louisiana was limited to minor damage to rice crops in the southwestern portion of the state.[3] On 35oil platforms offshore of Houston, Texas, 1,400people were alerted about possible evacuations if Ella were to approach the area.[11] Along the coast, there were evacuations in Indianola, Port Alto, Port O'Connor, and Sabine Pass.[12] Ella brought heavy rains to eastern and southern Texas, including 13.1in (330mm) in Galveston.[13] Precipitation brought minor flooding to low-lying areas of the Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Island, Kemah, La Marque, the Matagorda Peninsula, Seabrook, and Texas City.[14] Ella also brought swells to the coast of Texas. A portion of Texas State Highway 87 was closed due to inundation between Sabine Pass and High Island. Further south, tidal flooding along Texas State Highway 316 caused the closure of the portion near Indianola. Offshore, a 65ft (20m) shrimp trawler sank during the storm, after being smashed against the rocks near Galveston. The crew fled to the life boats and were later rescued by a United States Coast Guard Patrol Vessel. The captain of the snapper boat E. W. Fowler went missing after he was washed overboard; the man was later presumed to have drowned.[12]
Ernest Carson (1958). Preliminary Report on Tropical Storm Ella. Weather Bureau Office Galveston, Texas (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
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