Hygrophorus_agathosmus

<i>Hygrophorus agathosmus</i>

Hygrophorus agathosmus

Species of fungus

Hygrophorus agathosmus, commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap or the almond woodwax, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815; Fries gave it its current name in 1838. A widespread species, it is distributed in the United States, Europe, Africa, and India, and is found growing under spruce and pine in mixed forests. The fruit bodies are characterized by a light grayish cap that measures up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter, waxy gills, a dry stem, and the distinct odor of bitter almonds. An edible but bland-tasting mushroom, extracts of the fruit bodies have been shown in laboratory tests to have antimicrobial activity against various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.

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Taxonomy, classification, and naming

The species was originally named Agaricus agathosmus by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1815;[1] he later moved it into the genus Hygrophorus in 1838.[2] In the interim, English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley named the species Agaricus cerasinus in 1836,[3] although he too would later transfer the species to Hygrophorus in 1860.[4] In 1948, Richard Dennis examined the type material, and concluded that the two names referred to the same species.[5] Additional historical synonyms include Limacium pustulatum var. agathosmum (Kummer, 1871),[6] and Limacium agathosmum (Wünsch, 1877).[7]

In their 1963 monograph of the Hygrophorus of North America, American mycologists Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith classified H. agathosmus in the subsection Camarophylli, a grouping of related species characterized by a dry stem, and the absence of a gelatinous outer veil.[8]

The specific epithet agathosmus is derived from the Greek word agathos meaning “good”, and osme meaning “scent”.[9] Hygrophorus agathosmus is commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap,[10] or the almond woodwax.[11]

Description

The cap margin of young mushrooms are rolled inwards.

The cap is 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter,[12] and initially convex with the edges rolled inwards. As it ages and the cap expands, it becomes flat, sometimes with the center slightly depressed, or sometimes with a slight central elevation. The color is a dull ashy gray, and when moist, the cap surface is sticky or tacky to the touch. It is smooth, although the edges can have a layer of minute, soft hairs. The flesh is soft, and whitish or watery gray. Hygrophorus agathosmus has a pronounced fragrant odor resembling cherry pits[13] or bitter almonds (occasionally the odor is weak).[10]

The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem, but in maturity the attachment becomes adnate-decurrent, meaning the gills start to extend down the length of the stem. The gills are white, but become grayish in maturity, close to distant (40–50 reach the stem), moderately narrow, rather thin. The stem is 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long by 0.6–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) thick,[12] whitish at first, and colored pale ashy in age. It is the same thickness throughout or somewhat narrowed toward the base. It is solid, dry or moist but has no gelatinous universal veil present. When young, the stem surface is evenly covered with tiny fibrils and a fine whitish powder; over time it loses the hairs and the powder and becomes smooth.[14]

Microscopic characteristics

Spores at 1000x magnification. Each minor division equals 1 µm.

When viewed in mass, such as with a spore print, the spores appear to be white. Viewed with a light microscope, the basidiospores are 8–10.5 by 4.5–5.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, and yellowish in Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored and measure 48–65 long by 6–8 µm thick. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (specialized cystidia found on the gill faces and edges, respectively) are absent in this species. The pileipellis (cap cuticle) is made of a broad (175–350 µm) gelatinous zone, composed of loosely interwoven, slender (1.5–4 µm) hyphae; the surface hyphae are a fuscous—a dark brownish-gray color. This hyphal arrangement is called an ixocutis, in which the hyphal walls swell up and gelatinize, giving a translucence to the layer that stands out in contrast to the underlying flesh. The layer of gelatizined hyphae is tenacious, and may be peeled off the cap as a film.[15] Although clamp connections are found on the hyphae that make up the flesh of the gill, none are found in the cap flesh nor in the pileipellis.[14]

Edibility and antimicrobial activity

The caps flatten as they mature, and may develop a central depression.

Hygrophorus agathosmus is edible, but considered bland.[10] A study of the antioxidant capacity of the mushroom was composed of at least five organic acids: oxalic, citric, malic, quinic, and fumaric acids.[16] Using a standard laboratory test to determine antimicrobial activity, Hygrophorus agathosmus was shown to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis; it also inhibits the growth of the yeast Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[17]

Similar species

Hygrophorus pustulatus resembles H. agathosmus and has a similar almond odor. However, the fruit bodies of H. pustulatus are smaller, and it produces larger spores (11–14 µm long). Hygrophorus occidentalis, which grows under conifers or oak, has a sticky stem and less pronounced almond odor.[10] Hygrophorus marzuolus is also similar in appearance, but it lacks a distinctive odor, and has smaller spores than H. agathamosus.[18] Hygrophorus odoratus is similar, though smaller, and has the same odor.[19]

Habitat and distribution

Hygrophorus agathosmus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and it has been isolated, cultivated, and maintained as pure cultures of vegetative fungal inocula for artificial mycorrhization of planting stock in forest nurseries.[20] Fruiting bodies are found scattered under spruce and pine and in mixed woods in the United States. The fungus is also found in Europe (Czech Republic,[21] Poland,[22] Russia,[23] Turkey,[24] and the United Kingdom[25]), Africa, and India.[26]

See also

Footnotes

  1. [1]
    Fries EM (1815). Observationes mycologicae. Copenhagen: Havniae. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  2. [2]
    Fries EM (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: W.G. Farlow. p. 325. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  3. [3]
    Berkeley MJ (1836). "The English Flora, Fungi". 5–2 (2): 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. [4]
    Berkeley MJ (1860). Outlines of British Fungology. p. 197.
  5. [5]
    Dennis RWG (1948). "Some little-known British species of Agaricacae". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 31 (3–4): 191–209. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(48)80002-1.
  6. [6]
    Kummer P (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (1 ed.). Zerbst. p. 119.
  7. [7]
    "Limacium agathosmum (Fr.) Wünsch 1877". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  8. [8]
    Hesler and Smith, 1963, p. 309.
  9. [9]
    Quattrocchi U (1999). CRC World Dictionary of Plants Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8.
  10. [10]
    Arora D (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  11. [11]
    "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  12. [12]
    Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  13. [13]
    Hesler and Smith, 1963, p.10.
  14. [14]
    Hesler and Smith, 1963, pp. 386–88.
  15. [15]
    Hesler and Smith, 1963, p. 27.
  16. [16]
    Ribeiro B, Rangel J, Valentao P, Baptista P, Seabra RM, Andrade PB (2006). "Contents of carboxylic acids and two phenolics and antioxidant activity of dried Portuguese wild edible mushrooms". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (22): 8530–37. doi:10.1021/jf061890q. hdl:10198/941. PMID 17061830.
  17. [17]
    Yamac M, Bilgili F (2006). "Antimicrobial activities of fruit bodies and/or mycelial cultures of some mushroom isolates". Pharmaceutical Biology. 44 (9): 660–67. doi:10.1080/13880200601006897. S2CID 46436892.
  18. [18]
    Hesler and Smith, 1963, p. 329.
  19. [19]
    Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  20. [20]
    Repac I (1993). "Isolation, cultivation and in vitro maintenance of pure cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi". Lesnictvi (in Slovak) (12): 497–501. ISSN 0024-1105.
  21. [21]
    Holec H (1997). "New records of rare basidiomycetes in the Sumava mountains (Czech Republic)". Casopis Narodniho Muzea Rada Prirodovedna. 166 (1–4): 69–78.
  22. [22]
    Kornas J (1981). "Myco flora of the Pieniny national park Poland 4". Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Prace Botaniczne (in Polish). 9: 67–82.
  23. [23]
    Kovalenko AE (1999). "The Arctic-subarctic and alpine-subalpine component in the Hygrophoraceae of Russia". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 695–704. doi:10.2307/4110865. JSTOR 4110865.
  24. [24]
    Demirel K (1998). "New records for the fungal flora of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Botany. 22 (5): 349–53. ISSN 1300-008X.
  25. [25]
    "Almond Woodwax (Hygrophorus agathosmus) grid map". NBN Gateway. National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
  26. [26]
    Manna AK, Samajpati N (1998). "Agaricales of West Bengal VI: some mushrooms of 24-Parganas district, West Bengal". Journal of Mycopathological Research. 36 (2): 59–65. ISSN 0971-3719.

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