Imāla
Imāla
Vowel shift in many Arabic dialects
Imāla (also transliterated imālah; Arabic: إمالة, lit. "inclination") is a phenomenon in Arabic comprising the fronting and raising of Old Arabic /ā/ toward /ī/, and the old short /a/ toward /i/.[1] Imāla and the factors conditioning its occurrence were described for the first time by Sibawayh. According to as-Sirafi and Ibn Jinni (10th century), the vowel of the imāla was pronounced somewhere between /a/ and /i/, suggesting a realization of [e].[1]
Sibawayh primarily discusses imāla as a shift of /ā/ to /ē/ in the vicinity of /i/ or /ī/, an allophonic variation that can be characterized as umlaut or i-mutation.[2] Additionally, Sibawayh’s imāla subsumes occurrences of a phonemic vowel /ē/ resulting from the collapse of Old Arabic triphthongs. For this reason, not all instances of imāla can be characterized as a vowel shift from an original /ā/ towards the /ī/.[2]
Imāla was not a general phenomenon, occurring only in some of the old dialects. Yet, the grammarians regarded it as a legitimate phenomenon from the normative point of view when it occurred in certain conditionings.[1] In the context of Arabic dialectology, the term imāla is also used to describe a variety of phenomena involving mid-vowels in place of the Standard Arabic low-vowel. Imāla also features in several qirāʾāt ("styles of recitation") of the Quran.