Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Gaelic,[9][10][11] is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.[10][1][3][12][9] Irish is indigenous to the island of Ireland[13] and was the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in areas of Ireland collectively known as the Gaeltacht, in which only 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2016.[14] It is also spoken by a larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers, mostly in urban areas where the majority are second-language speakers.

Irish[1][2][3]
Standard Irish: Gaeilge
Pronunciation	Connacht Irish: [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] Munster Irish: [ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] Ulster Irish: [ˈɡeːlʲəc]
Region	Ireland
Ethnicity	Irish
Native speakers	L1 speakers: 170,000; daily users outside education system: 72,000. Daily speakers in Northern Ireland: 44,000 (2021) (2019)[5] L2 speakers: unknown; In 2022, 1,873,997 people aged 3+ claimed they could speak Irish in ROI. In 2021, 228,600 people aged 3+ (12%) could speak Irish in NI. 18,815 in the United States.
Language family	Indo-European Celtic Insular Celtic Goidelic Irish[1][6][3]
Early forms	Primitive Irish Old Irish Middle Irish Early Modern Irish
Standard forms	An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (written only)
Dialects	Connacht Irish Leinster Irish † Munster Irish Newfoundland † Ulster Irish
Writing system	Latin (Irish alphabet) Ogham (historically) Irish Braille
Official status
Official language in	Republic of Ireland[lower-alpha 1] Northern Ireland[8] European Union
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ga
ISO 639-2	gle
ISO 639-3	gle
Glottolog	iris1253
ELP	Irish
Linguasphere	50-AAA
Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011
Irish is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
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The total number of persons (aged 3 and over) who claimed they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it, while a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system.[15] Linguistic analysis of Irish speakers is therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in Ireland outside the education system, which in 2016 was 20,586 in the Gaeltacht and 53,217 outside it, totalling 73,803.[16] In 2021, in response to the Northern Ireland census, 43,557 said they spoke the language on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it.[17]

For most of recorded Irish history, Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people, who took it with them to other regions, such as Scotland and the Isle of Man, where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890.[18] On the island of Newfoundland, a unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.

With a writing system, Ogham, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in Western Europe. On the island, the language has three major dialects: Munster, Connacht and Ulster. All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography. There is also a "standard written form" devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet, a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters, has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords).

Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but the standard modern written form is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input.