Background

Matteo Renzi started his political career in the Italian People's Party (PPI), a Christian-democratic party, and was elected president of the Province of Florence in 2004. Through The Daisy party, he joined the Democratic Party in 2007^[7] and was elected Mayor of Florence in 2009. A frequent critic of his party's leadership, especially under Pier Luigi Bersani, Renzi made his name as il Rottamatore, in English the Scrapper^[8] or the Demolisher^[9] (of old leaders and ideas), for his advocacy of complete change in the party, as well as a reformer and a moderniser.^[10][11][12] His followers were known as Renziani.

Speculations over a new party led by Renzi date back to 2012, when he was defeated by Bersani in the run-off of the centre-left primary election.^[13] Rumors stopped when Renzi was elected secretary of the PD in December 2013. He also became Prime Minister in February 2014.^[14] He led the party to huge electoral success in the 2014 European Parliament election (40.8%), but badly lost the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum (59.1% to 40.9%), which caused his resignation as Prime Minister.

After the PD's defeat in the 2018 general election,^[15] in which the PD only gained 18.7% of vote, forcing Renzi to resign as secretary,^[16][17] rumours of a split emerged.^[18] In March 2019, Nicola Zingaretti, a social democrat and a prominent member of the party's left wing who had roots in the Italian Communist Party, won the leadership election by a landslide, defeating Maurizio Martina (Renzi's former deputy secretary) and Roberto Giachetti (supported by most Renziani).^[19] Zingaretti focused his campaign on a clear contrast with Renzi's policies and, according to pundits, his victory opened the way for a major shift in the character of the Democratic Party.^[20][21]

In August 2019, tensions grew within the coalition supporting Giuseppe Conte's first government, leading to a motion of no-confidence by the League.^[22] Despite having opposed it in the past, Renzi advocated the formation of a new government between the PD and the populist Five Star Movement (M5S).^[23] After days of tensions within the PD, on 28 August, Zingaretti announced his support for a new government with the M5S, led by Conte.^[24] The Conte II Cabinet was sworn in on 5 September,^[25] and Renzi was seen by many as the real kingmaker of the new parliamentary majority.^[26]

Foundation

On 16 September, in an interview to la Repubblica, Renzi announced his intention to leave the PD and create new parliamentary groups.^[27] On the same day, interviewed by Bruno Vespa during the late-night TV talk-show Porta a Porta, he officially launched Italia Viva.^[28] In the interview he also confirmed his support for Conte's government.^[29] Renzi was initially followed by 24 deputies and 12 senators from the PD, notably including Maria Elena Boschi, Roberto Giachetti, Teresa Bellanova (Minister of Agriculture) and Elena Bonetti (Minister of Family and Equal Opportunities).^[30][31] Three more senators, Donatella Conzatti, Riccardo Nencini and Gelsomina Vono, joined respectively from Forza Italia (FI), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and M5S,^[32][33][34] while one deputy, Gabriele Toccafondi, joined from Popular Civic List (CP).^[35]

The split was condemned by the PD's leadership: Zingaretti described it as a "mistake",^[36] while Dario Franceschini called it a "big problem".^[37][38] Beppe Grillo, founder of the M5S, described Renzi's actions as "an act of narcissism".^[39] Prime Minister Conte declared his perplexity too, saying that Renzi "should have informed [him] before the birth of the government".^[40] Additionally, Il Foglio revealed that internet domains italiaviva.eu and italiaviva.org were created on 9 August 2019, hinting that the split had been prepared in advance.^[41] The following day, la Repubblica revealed that the domains were bought by Alessandro Risso, a former member of Christian Democracy and the PPI from Piedmont.^[42] However, Risso explained that his moves had nothing to do with Renzi, whom he opposed.^[43]

Italia Viva's backbone was largely based on the Committees of Civil Action of Back to the Future, launched by Renzi during the 2018 Leopolda convention in Florence^[44] and seen by some people as the initial step of a new party.^[45] Ettore Rosato, the organiser of the committees, and Bellanova were appointed party's coordinators.^[46]

In October, during the Leopolda annual convention, the logo of IV was unveiled. It featured a stylised seagull and was chosen by supporters in an online vote.^[47][48]

Road to the 2022 general election

In February, Nicola Danti, IV member and MEP, left the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group and joined the Renew Europe group.^[49] A few days before, Sandro Gozi, a former member of the PD's national board who later joined IV,^[50] had been sworn in as member of the European Parliament for France (elected with Renaissance list, formed largely by members of La République En Marche) and became the party's second MEP.

In January 2021, IV withdrew its support for Conte's second government, triggering a political crisis.^[51] Conte subsequently won confidence motions in both houses of Parliament, with the abstention of IV, but could only reach a plurality in the Senate, rather than an absolute majority.^[52][53][54] In the wake of this, Conte tendered his resignation to President Mattarella, who then began a round of discussions with various parties to form a new government.^[55] Consequently, IV was instrumental in the formation of Mario Draghi's government, in which minister Bonetti was confirmed.

In December 2021, IV joined the European Democratic Party.^[56]

In December 2022, Renzi was elected president of the party, replacing Rosato and Bellanova.^[57]

2022 general election and aftermath

In the run-up of the 2022 general election, the party, which refused to join, or was refused entry to, the PD-led centre-left coalition,^[58][59] joined forces with the National Civic List^[60] (put forward by Federico Pizzarotti of Italia in Comune and Piercamillo Falasca of L'Italia c'è) and the Italian Republican Party (PRI).^[61] Most importantly, IV formed a joint electoral list with Carlo Calenda's Action.^[62][63][64] The joint list obtained 7.8% of the vote.

After the election, Renzi frequently clashed with Calenda,^[65][66] leaving the alliance's future uncertain. The party continued to achieve high-profile recruits, notably including senator Enrico Borghi from the PD,^[67][68] deputies Naike Gruppioni and Isabella De Monte from Action^[69][70] and Dafne Musolino from South calls North.^[71] In September 2023, Renzi announced that IV would run in the 2024 European Parliament election within a brand new coalition/list named "The Centre".^[72][73] This led Elena Bonetti to leave the party in order to seek an alternative alliance with Action.^[74][75] Also Ettore Rosato was critical and seemed interested in joining Action, but, before leaving the party, he was expelled by Renzi.^[76][77] Subsequently, Bonetti and Rosato launched Populars Europeanists Reformers^[78] and, in January 2024, joined Action.^[79][80]

In October 2023 the party held its first national congress, during which Renzi was re-elected president.^[81]

In March 2024 the party dropped the idea of "The Centre" list in favour of a broader, liberal and pro-Europeanist list named "United States of Europe", which will include also More Europe, the Italian Radicals, the Italian Socialist Party and the European Liberal Democrats, in order to overcome the 4% electoral threshold.^[82][83] In late April the list was joined also by L'Italia c'è.^[84]

Italian Parliament

More information Election year, Votes ...

Chamber of Deputies
Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
2022	Into A–IV	7.8	9 / 400	9	Matteo Renzi

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More information Election year, Votes ...

Senate of the Republic
Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
2022	Into A–IV	7.8	5 / 200	5	Matteo Renzi

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Regional Councils

More information Region, Election year ...

Region	Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Status in legislature
Aosta Valley	2020	In a joint list with AV and Edelweiss		0 / 35	–	No seats
Lombardy	2023	Into Action – Italia Viva		2 / 80	2	Opposition
Veneto	2020	In a joint list with PSI and PRI		0 / 51	–	No seats
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	2023	Into Action – Italia Viva		0 / 48	–	No seats
Emilia-Romagna	2020	Into Bonaccini list		1 / 50	1	No seats
Liguria	2020	In a joint list with More Europe and PSI		0 / 41	–	No seats
Tuscany	2020	In a joint list with More Europe		2 / 41	2	Majority
Lazio	2023	Into Action – Italia Viva		2 / 51	2	Opposition
Apulia	2020	18,025 (14th)	1.1	0 / 51	–	No seats
Campania	2020	173,870 (5th)	7.4	4 / 41	4	Majority
Sicily	2022	Into Action – Italia Viva		0 / 70	–	No seats

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