The Jelling stones (Danish: Jellingstenene) are massive carved runestones from the 10th century, found at the town of Jelling in Denmark. The older of the two Jelling stones was raised by King Gorm the Old in memory of his wife Thyra. The larger of the two stones was raised by King Gorm's son, Harald Bluetooth, in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and Norway, and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity.

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Quick Facts UNESCO World Heritage Site, Location ...

Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Jelling stones, in their glass casing (2012)
Location	Jelling, Denmark
Criteria	Cultural: iii
Reference	697
Inscription	1994 (18th Session)
Area	4.96 ha
Coordinates	55°45′24″N 9°25′10″E
Location of Jelling stones in Denmark

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The runic inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark.^[1] In 1994, the stones, in addition to the burial mounds and small church nearby, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an unparalleled example of both pagan and Christian Nordic culture.^[2]

The stones are strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state. Both inscriptions mention the name "Danmark" (in the form of accusative "tanmaurk" ([dɑnmɒrk]) on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced [dɑnmɑrkɑɹ̻̊˔]) on the small stone).^[3]

The larger stone explicitly mentions the conversion of Denmark from Norse paganism and the process of Christianization, alongside a depiction of the crucified Christ; it is therefore popularly dubbed "Denmark's baptismal certificate" (Danmarks dåbsattest), an expression coined by art historian Rudolf Broby-Johansen in the 1930s.^[4] In 1997 a photo of this stone inspired the name Bluetooth for the now-ubiquitous wireless standard.

After having been exposed to the elements for a thousand years, cracks were beginning to show. On 15 November 2008 experts from UNESCO examined the stones to determine their condition. Experts requested that the stones be moved to an indoor exhibition hall, or in some other way protected in situ, to prevent further damage from the weather.^[5]

In February 2011 the site was vandalized using green spray paint, with the word "GELWANE" written on both sides of the larger stone, and with identical graffiti sprayed on a nearby gravestone and on the church door.^[6] After much speculation about the possible meaning of the enigmatic word "gelwane",^[7] the vandal was eventually discovered to be a 15-year-old boy with Asperger's syndrome and the word itself was meaningless.^[8][9][10] As the paint had not fully hardened,^[9] experts were able to remove it.^[11]

The Heritage Agency of Denmark decided to keep the stones in their current location and selected a protective casing design from 157 projects submitted through a competition. The winner of the competition was Nobel Architects.^[12] The glass casing creates a climate system that keeps the stones at a fixed temperature and humidity and protects them from weathering.^[13] The design features rectangular glass casings strengthened by two solid bronze sides mounted on a supporting steel skeleton. The glass is coated with an anti-reflective material that gives the exhibit a greenish hue. Additionally, the bronze patina gives off a rusty, greenish colour, highlighting the runestones' gray and reddish tones and emphasising their monumental character and significance.^[13]

Haraldr konungr bað gǫrva kumbl...

Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in Old East Norse.

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Kong Harald bød gøre disse kumler...

Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in Modern Danish.

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The inscription on the larger of the two Jelling stones (Jelling II, Rundata DR 42^[14]) reads:

• runes
• rune transliteration
• Old West Norse normalization
• Old East Norse normalization

The stone has a figure of the crucified Christ on one side and on another side a serpent wrapped around a lion. Christ is depicted as standing in the shape of a cross and entangled in what appear to be branches.^[15] This depiction of Christ has often been taken as indicating the parallels with the "hanging" of the Norse pagan god Odin, who in Rúnatal gives an account of being hanged from a tree and pierced by a spear.^[15]

kurmʀ kunukʀ k(ar)þi kubl...

Listen to the runes of Gorm's stone read in Old East Norse.

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The inscription on the older and smaller of the Jelling stones (Jelling I, Rundata DR 41^[18]) reads:

• runes
• rune transliteration
• Old West Norse normalization
• Old East Norse normalization

• Boris stones — similar landmarks in Belarus
• Curmsun Disc
• Bornholm amulet
• Haraldskær Woman
• Jelling stone ship — a ship setting that lay between the mounds
• Jelling style
• List of runestones
• Tourism in Denmark