Jingjinji
Jing-Jin-Ji
Urban agglomeration in North China
Jing-Jin-Ji
京津冀城市群 | |
|---|---|
| Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration | |
Beijing, the largest city in megalopolis | |
Beijing-Tianjin from space | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Municipalities | Beijing Tianjin |
| Major Prefectural Cities | Baoding Shijiazhuang Tangshan Cangzhou Langfang Zhangjiakou Chengde Qinhuangdao |
| Government | |
| • Mayor of Beijing | Chen Jining |
| • Mayor of Tianjin | Zhang Guoqing |
| • Governor of Hebei | Xu Qin |
| Area | |
| • Total | 217,156 km2 (83,844 sq mi) |
| Population (2020[2]) | |
| • Total | 110 million |
| • Density | 507/km2 (1,310/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| • Jing-Jin-Ji | CN¥ 10.029 trillion (US$ 1.491 trillion) (2022)[3] |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
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Jing-Jin-Ji cluster[lower-alpha 1] is an expanded urban agglomeration consisting of Beijing (Jing), Tianjin (Jin), and Hebei (Ji). It is the biggest urban agglomeration region in North China, including an economic region surrounding the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, and along the coast of the Bohai Sea.[4] This emerging region is rising as a northern metropolitan region rivaling the Pearl River Delta in the south and the Yangtze River Delta in the east. In 2020, Jingjinji had a total population of 110 million people, comparable to that of the Philippines.
| Area (km2) | Population (2020) | GDP (CN¥)[3] | GDP (US$) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hebei (Ji) | 188,800 | 74,610,235 | CN¥ 4,237 billion | US$ 629 billion |
| Beijing (Jing) | 16,411 | 21,893,095 | CN¥ 4,161 billion | US$ 618 billion |
| Tianjin (Jin) | 11,946 | 13,866,009 | CN¥ 1,631 billion | US$ 242 billion |
| Jingjinji Urban Agglomeration | 217,156 | 110,369,339 | CN¥ 10.029 trillion | US$ 1.491 trillion |
In 2022, Jingjinji produced GDP of ¥10 trillion (US$1.5 trillion) or equivalent to Spain.[5] It occupied an area about twice the size of the South Korea.[6] Jingjinji had traditionally been involved in heavy industries and manufacturing. Tianjin's strengths have always been in aviation, logistics, and shipping. Beijing complements this economic activity with strong petrochemical, education, and R&D industries. The area is becoming a significant growth cluster for automobile, electronics, petrochemical sectors, automotive industry, software and aircraft, thus attracting foreign investments in manufacturing and health services.[7][8]
The Chinese central government has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster economic development. This includes building an advanced communications network, better highways, increased education, and scientific resources, as well as tapping natural resources off the Bohai rim.[9] In 2016, the Central Government approved a US$36-billion plan to link the various cities making up this metropolis by rail in order to reduce commute times and to better integrate them. This plan includes the construction of nine railways that are 1,100 km (680 mi) in length, which are set to be completed by 2020.[6] The long-term goal is to create a one-hour commuting region; an additional 24 intercity railways are planned to be built before 2050.[10]
In recent decades, petroleum and natural gas deposits have been discovered in the Jingjinji region's coast of the Bohai sea.
Metropolitan areas
Inn 2013-2014, Xi Jinping gave directives on coordinating development in the region, elevating development strategies in the region to be a national priority.[11]: 142 In particular, planning strategies sought to alleviate development pressure in Beijing.[11]: 142–143 The desire to alleviate the development pressure of Beijing's increasing non-capital functions was formalized in the June 2015 Outline Plan for Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and subsequently resulted in the establishment of Xiong'an.[11]: 143 Xiong'an is where Beijing's non-capital functions, such as universities, research institutes, and high-tech innovation centers are planned to be transferred over time.[11]: 145
| Metropolitan area | Chinese | Cities and districts | Urban population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing metropolitan area | 北京城市圈 Běijīng Chéngshì Quān |
Beijing, Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu, Yanqing | 16,858,692 |
| Tianjin metropolitan area | 天津城市圈 Tiānjīn Chéngshì Quān |
Tianjin, Binhai, Baodi, Jinghai, Jizhou, Ninghe | 10,277,893 |
| Shijiazhuang metropolitan area | 石家庄城市圈 Shíjiāzhuāng Chéngshì Quān |
Shijiazhuang, Jinzhou, Xinji, Xinle | 3,823,504 |
| Baoding-Xiong'an metropolitan area | 保定雄安城市圈 Bǎodìng-Xióng'ān Chéngshì Quān |
Baoding, Xiong'an, Anguo, Dingzhou, Gaobeidian, Zhuozhou |
3,056,000 |
| Tangshan metropolitan area | 唐山城市圈 Tángshān Chéngshì Quān |
Tangshan | 2,237,317 |
Jingjinji includes the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces. Major cities in these municipalities and provinces include:
| City | Pinyin | Population (2010) | Image | Information | City Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing 北京 |
Běijīng | 19,612,368 | Beijing is a metropolis in northern China and the capital of the People's Republic of China. Beijing is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government. Beijing is China's second-largest city after Shanghai; more than 17 million people in Beijing's jurisdiction. | ||
| Tianjin 天津 |
Tiānjīn | 12,938,224 | The third-largest city of the People's Republic of China in terms of the urban population. Administratively it is one of the four municipalities that have provincial-level status, reporting directly to the central government. Its urban land area is the third-largest in China, ranked only after Beijing and Shanghai. | ||
| Baoding 保定 |
Bǎodìng | 10,029,197 | Baoding is the third-largest city in Hebei Province, ranked after Shijiazhuang and Tangshan. The city is located in the center of the Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Economic Triangle, with good transportation connections and close commuting distances to its nearby major cities. The newly established Xiong'an New Area aims to be a high-tech, environmentally sustainable, modern metropolis and serves as a new hub for some administrative departments. Logistics bases in northern China are within the city limits of Baoding.[12] | ||
| Shijiazhuang 石家庄 |
Shíjiāzhuāng | 9,547,869 | Shijiazhuang is the capital of Hebei, as well as the third-largest city in Jingjinji, after Beijing and Tianjin. | ||
| Tangshan 唐山 |
Tángshān | 7,577,284 | Tangshan, a coastal city along the Bohai Bay and neighboring Tianjin, is the second-largest city in Hebei, after Shijiazhuang. It is also known for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. | ||
| Cangzhou 沧州 |
Cāngzhōu | 7,134,053 | A city in south-east Hebei on the coast of the Bohai Sea coast. It borders Tianjin to the north. | ||
| Langfang 廊坊 |
Lángfāng | 4,358,839 | Langfang is located between Beijing and Tianjin and contains the Sanhe exclave, which is separate from the rest of Hebei. | ||
| Zhangjiakou 张家口 |
Zhāngjiākǒu | 4,345,491 | A city in north-west Hebei. It borders Beijing to the southeast. | ||
| Chengde 承德 |
Chéngdé | 3,473,197 | A city in northeast Hebei, best known for the Chengde Mountain Resort. | ||
| Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 |
Qínhuángdǎo | 2,987,605[13] | A city in north-east coastal Hebei, best known for the Beidaihe. |
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Air
Major airports
Regional airports
Road
There are many major highways servicing the routes within Jingjinji area. This includes the following expressways:
- Jingjintang Expressway, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Binhai / TEDA
- Jinghu Expressway, from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai (together with Jingjintang Expressway, this is the expressway from Beijing to Shanghai)
- Jingshen Expressway, through Baodi District on its way from Beijing to Shenyang
- Jingshi Expressway, from Beijing, to Shijiazhuang
- Baojin Expressway, from Beichen District, Tianjin, to Baoding, Hebei -- known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway
- Jinbin Expressway, from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge, both within Tianjin
- Jinji Expressway, from central Tianjin to Jixian County
- G95 Capital Area Loop Expressway
The following six China National Highways pass through Tianjin:
- China National Highway 102, through Ji County, Tianjin on its way from Beijing to Harbin
- China National Highway 103, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Binhai
- China National Highway 104, from Beijing, through Tianjin, to Fuzhou
- China National Highway 105, from Beijing, through Tianjin, to Macau
- China National Highway 112, circular highway around Beijing, passes through Tianjin
- China National Highway 205, from Shanhaiguan, Hebei, through Tianjin, to Guangzhou
High-speed rail
Intercity high-speed rail lines
Other high-speed rail lines
High-speed rail lines planned or under construction
Suburban railway
- Beijing Suburban Railway
- Tianjin Suburban Railway (Tianjin–Jizhou railway)
Metro systems
Light rail
- 京津冀城市群; Jīng (京), Jīn (津), and Jì (冀) are the common abbreviations for Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, respectively. It is sometimes rendered in historical context as King–Sin–Peh, also known as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BJ-TJ-HB), Peking–Tientsin–Hopeh and the Capital Economic Zone
- Preen, Mark (2018-04-26). "The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integration Plan". China Briefing News. Retrieved 2019-10-11.Preen, Mark (2018-04-26). "The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integration Plan". China Briefing News. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
- "Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census". Archived from the original on 2021-05-11.
- Johnson, Ian (July 19, 2015). "In China, a Supercity Rises Around Beijing". New York Times.
- GDP-2022 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS.
- "China approves $36-billion railway plan for Jing-Jin-Ji megacity". Business News. Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
- Regional Definition: Bohai Sea Archived 2006-09-30 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Unep.Org Retrieved 2010-01-09
- Tianjin at a Glance Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine uschina.org Retrieved 2010-01-09
- Gain a strategic advantage in the Bohai Bay region sdic.com.cn 2007-06-11 Retrieved 2010-01-16
- Baculinao, Eric (March 25, 2017). "Jing-Jin-Ji: China Planning Megalopolis the Size of New England". World. NBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
- Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
- "Xiong'an, China's Newest Special Economic Zone - CKGSB Knowledge". knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn. Retrieved 2018-07-19.