John Frederick Matthews, FBA, FSA, FRHistS (born 1940) is a British historian and academic. Since 1996, he has been a professor of Roman history at Yale University, where he was also the John M. Schiff Professor of Classics and History from 2001 to 2014.

Matthews was born in 1940. He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1965: as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. He went on to earn a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in 1970.^[1] His doctoral thesis was titled "The supporters of the Emperor in Western society in the age of Theodosius".^[2]

He held the Dyson Junior Research Fellowship in Greek Culture at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1965 to 1969, and was then elected an official fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He returned to The Queen's College in 1976, when he was elected a fellow.^[1] At the University of Oxford, he was also a lecturer in Middle and Later Roman History from 1969 to 1990, when he was promoted to a readership; he was promoted again in 1992, to a personal chair as Professor of Late Roman History. Matthews left both The Queen's College and the University of Oxford in 1996 to take up a professorship of Roman History at Yale University, where he was also John M. Schiff Professor of Classics and History from 2001 to 2014.^[1][3][4]

• Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364–425 (Oxford University Press, 1975).
• (Co-authored with Tim Cornell) Atlas of the Roman World (Phaidon, 1982).
• Laying Down the Law: A Study of the Theodosian Code (Yale University Press, 2000).
• The Journey of Theophanes: Travel, Business, and Daily Life in the Roman East (Yale University Press, 2006).
• The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus (Johns Hopkins University Press/Duckworth, 1989; 2nd ed., Michigan Classical Press, 2007).
• Roman Perspectives: Studies on Political and Cultural History, from the First to the Fifth Century (Classical Press of Wales, 2010).
• Matthews, John (2012). "The Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae". In Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (eds.). Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–115. ISBN 978-0-19-973940-0. OCLC 796196995.