February 6, 1985 (East and West Potomac Parks Historic District) April 24, 1997 (L'Enfant Plan)
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November 8, 1964 (East and West Potomac Parks Historic District) March 3, 1979 (American Revolution Statuary) April 24, 1997 (L'Enfant Plan)
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Born in Scotland as John Paul, he emigrated to the United States in the 1760s and added Jones to his name. He had been a seaman since the age 13 and when the war broke out with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, he joined the Continental Navy. He was soon promoted to captain and commanded his first ship, USSProvidence, followed by USSRanger. After his decisive win at the Battle of Flamborough Head, he continued raiding ports and British ships, endearing him to French citizens. His last ship was USSAmerica, which he used to collect money from countries that owed debts. For his service in the war, Jones was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the only naval officer to receive one.
Joned died in France and his grave was not discovered by Americans until 1906. His body was brought back to the U.S., and there were immediate calls for a memorial to be erected in Washington, D.C., to honor one of the Revolutionary War's greatest heroes. Congress approved the memorial plans and allocated $50,000 for its installation. The dedication ceremony took place on April 17, 1912, with prominent attendees including President William Howard Taft, First Lady Helen Herron Taft, Navy Secretary George von Lengerke Meyer, and Horace Porter, who was responsible for locating Jones' grave. Charles H. Niehaus was the sculptor and Thomas Hastings, a partner in the Carrère and Hastings firm, was the architect.
John Paul Jones was born John Paul in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, in 1747. He began working on ships at age 13. He emigrated to Virginia in 1764 and added Jones to his surname. Jones sided with the colonials when the American Revolutionary War began. He joined the Continental Navy in 1755, obtaining the rank of lieutenant thanks to influential friends. He was promoted to captain not long after, commanding USS Providence and USS Ranger. He conducted successful raids on British ports and ships, earning the admiration of the French people.[2][3]
Jones was given a French ship which he renamed USSBonhomme Richard (Poor Richard), in honor of Benjamin Franklin. In 1779, Jones encountered two British warships, Countess of Scarborough and HMSSerapis, and successfully won the Battle of Flamborough Head.[2] It was during this battle that Jones allegedly told British Captain Richard Pearson a famous quote "Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight!" after his ship received heavy damage.[3] Jones' popularity with the French resulted in him not returning to the colonies until 1781.[2]
After returning to the colonies, Jones was given command of USS America. At the conclusion of the war, the United States selected Jones to retrieve money owed to American citizens. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service in the war, the only such medal awarded to someone from the Navy. After the war, he worked for the naval forces in other countries.[2] He was a Rear Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy for a time. In 1792, Jones died in Paris and was buried in the Saint Louis Cemetery.[4] Following years of search for his grave, it was brought back to the United States in 1902, and later entombed in the Naval Academy Chapel.[5]
Memorial plans
After his remains were brought back to the U.S., there were immediate calls for a monument honoring the nation's first naval hero.[6] A few years earlier in 1902, Representative Frank D. Currier introduced a bill in Congress that would authorize the erection of a memorial at a cost of $50,000. In his statement before the House of Representatives, Currier said: "While there is so much talk at present about our great naval heroes we should not forget the first great American naval commander. There is no more interesting character in our history than Paul Jones, and it is a shame that there is not at the Capital of the nation a suitable monument to his memory."[7] It wasn't until 1909 that Congress passed a bill to erect the memorial on public land and allocated $50,000 for its installation.[3]
The day of the dedication ceremony, April 17, 1912, was rainy, yet thousands of people stood in the rain to watch the procession and unveiling. Navy Secretary George von Lengerke Meyer presided over the event and spoke during the dedication introduction, followed by Reverend Charles Wood giving the invocation. There were three stands on different sides of the memorial, with a capacity of over 1,000 people. The Marine Band stood behind the memorial, playing patriotic music. In the Tidal Basin, located behind the memorial, seven ships of the Navy were stationed for the event.[9]
Horace Porter, who was the one to locate Jones' tomb while serving as U.S. ambassador to France, spoke next. He called Jones a "rugged sailor, and yet a polished courtier" who could "tread the ballroom floor as gracefully as the bloody deck of the frigates."[9] The unveiling was done by Admiral George Dewey, a naval hero of the Spanish–American War. After this, there was a 21-gun salute, followed by remarks from President William Howard Taft that praised Jones' life and career. Niehaus was then introduced to the crowd[9] The closing remarks were given by Reverend William T. Russell. British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, was supposed to attend the event, but in lieu of the sinking of the Titanic which had occurred two days prior, he was busy dealing with the crisis.[9]
The bronze statue of Jones is approximately 10.8 feet tall (3.3 m), 3.2 feet wide (1 m), and 3.6 feet deep (1.1 m). He is depicted standing and watching a naval battle from Bonhomme Richard's deck. He is wearing a colonial military uniform, including a three-pointed hat, a coat, and a vest. His left leg is slightly ahead of the body. His left hand is resting on a sword and the right hand is in a fist, relaxing by his side.[8]
The statue stands in front of a 15-foot (4.6 m) pylon made of marble. At the top of the pylon are carvings of an eagle with a wreath, and decorative anchors on each side of the eagle. Two small wreaths are just above the inscription of Jones' name. At the base of the pylon are carved helmets, battle instruments, and foliage. The back of the pylon features a relief of Jones hoisting a flag on a British warship. There are three steps on the north and south faces of the memorial, each side featuring carved dolphins spouting water into a basin. There is a relief panel above each dolphin depicting axes, swords, and other battle equipment.[8]
Inscriptions
Inscriptions on the memorial include the following words:[8]
(north side of pylon, above statue)
JOHN PAUL JONES
(statue platform, left side)
C.H.NIEHAUS Sc.
1911
(statue platform, right side)
Gorham Co. Founders
(base, north side)
1747. 1792.
FIRST
TO COMPEL FOREIGN
MAN-OF-WAR
TO STRIKE COLORS
TO THE
STARS AND STRIPES
(pylon, south side above relief)
SURRENDER?
I HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO FIGHT!
(pylon, south side below relief)
IN LIFE HE HONORED
THE FLAG. IN DEATH THE
FLAG SHALL HONOR HIM
"Biography of John Paul Jones". United States Senate. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"The Final Resting Place of John Paul Jones". U.S. Naval Institute. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)