Jonas Žemaitis, also known under his nom de guerre Vytautas (March 15, 1909 – November 26, 1954)^[1] was a Lithuanian general and freedom fighter who served as the de facto president of Lithuania from 1949 until his death in 1954. A Lithuanian partisan, armed resister of Soviet occupation and the chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters, Žemaitis was posthumously nominated and acknowledged as the head of state of Lithuania following the re-establishment of independence.

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Jonas Žemaitis
Acting President of Lithuania
As Chairman of the Presidium of the Council of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Posthumously recognized on March 12, 2009
In office February 16, 1949 – November 26, 1954
Preceded by	Antanas Merkys (last head of state before the Soviet annexation in 1940)
Succeeded by	Adolfas Ramanauskas (Posthumously recognized in November 2018; then vice chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters)
Personal details
Born	March 15, 1909 Palanga, Courland Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	November 26, 1954 (aged 45) Butyrka prison, Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Military service
Allegiance	Lithuania
Years of service	1926–1941 (Lithuanian Army) 1944 (Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force) 1945–1953 (Lithuanian partisans)
Rank	Brigade General
Commands	Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters

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Žemaitis was born to Jonas Žemaitis and Petronėlė Daukšaitė. Despite the fact that his father was non-religious, Žemaitis was christened in Palanga's church. From 1910 to 1917, he lived with his parents in Łomża, Poland, where his uncle A. Daukša owned a large dairy farm. In Łomża, Žemaitis attended a primary school while his parents were working. In 1917, Žemaitis returned to Lithuania and settled down in the village of Kiaulininkai, near Šiluva, where his grandparents lived. In 1921, he finished first class at the Raseiniai Gymnasium. In 1926, started studying at the War School of Kaunas. In 1929, he finished this school and became a lieutenant.^[2] Žemaitis started his military service with the 2nd Artillery Battery as a commander. In 1936–1938, Žemaitis studied at the School of Applied Artillery in Fontainebleu, France. After his studies, Žemaitis was promoted to captain and commanded artillery units of the Lithuania military forces.

After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Žemaitis continued his active service in the 617th Artillery Regiment, where he was the head of the regiment's school. At the beginning of the war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, Žemaitis was at the proving ground of Varėna. After receiving the order to retreat to the east, Žemaitis and a group of soldiers consciously fell behind and surrendered to the Germans. He did not want to serve the Nazis, and therefore he retired and settled down in Kaunas. He worked as a technician of peat extraction.

In 1944, he joined the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, organized by Povilas Plechavičius.^[3] After the force was disbanded by the Nazis, Žemaitis went into hiding. When the Red Army returned to Lithuania, Žemaitis joined the Lithuanian Freedom Army and the Lithuanian partisans, steadily rising to a position of leadership. In February 1949, he established the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters and became its chairman; he worked to continue partisan resistance to Soviet occupation and legitimize the actions of the partisans. In December 1951, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and became paralyzed. In May 1953, his place of hiding was discovered by Soviet agents and he was arrested. After being transported to Moscow, he was interrogated by Lavrentiy Beria and was executed in the Butyrka prison in 1954.