Joseon_missions_to_Imperial_China
The Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) sent numerous diplomatic missions to the Chinese Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties.
A series diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's sadae (serving the great) diplomacy in dealings with China. The chronology of one side in a bilateral relationship stands on its own.
This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the gyorin (kyorin) (neighborly relations) diplomacy in dealings with Jurchen, Japan, Ryukyu Kingdom, Siam and Java.[1] Gyorin was applied to a multi-national foreign policy.[2] The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical models would be modified, mirroring the evolution of a unique relationship.[3]
Although the Joseon Dynasty considered 1392 as the foundation of the Joseon kingdom, Imperial China did not immediately acknowledge the new government on the Korean peninsula. In 1401, the Ming court recognized Joseon as a tributary state in its sino-centric schema of foreign relations. In 1403, the Yongle Emperor conveyed a patent and a gold seal to Taejong of Joseon, thus confirming his status and that of his dynasty.[4]
Despite the label "tributary state", China did not interfere in Joseon domestic affairs and diplomacy.[4] Between 1392 and 1450, the Joseon court sent 351 missions to China.[5]
| Year | Sender | Joseon chief envoy | Emperor of China | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1592 | Seonjo | Yi Deok-hyeong[6] | Wanli | Joseon mission dispatched to Ming China to ask for military support[6] |
| 1597 | Seonjo | Yi Su-gwang[7] | Wanli | Yi's encounters with Matteo Ricci provide impetus for the creation of the first Korean language encyclopedia |
- 1592 – Confronting Japanese invasion, Joseon sought aid from China.[6]
- 1597 – Yi Su-gwang was the Joseon chief envoy from the Joseon court.[7]
In this period, Joseon merchants of Gaeseong and Hanyang competed for profits; and they even accompanied the envoy missions to China in their search for new opportunities for financial gain.[8]
| Year | Sender | Joseon chief envoy | Emperor of China | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1795 | Jeongjo | – | Qianlong[9] | Offering congratulations; celebrations of the 60th anniversary of Qianlong's reign.[10] |
| 1872 | Gojong | Park Gyu-su[10] | Tongzhi | . |
- 1795 – The first and only American to be received in the court of the Qianlong Emperor took special note of the reception of Joseon ambassadors, who were received immediately preceding the Dutch embassy in which Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest had a role.[9]
- 1872 – Park Gyu-su was the Joseon chief envoy to the court of the Tongzhi Emperor, offering congratulations.[10]
In 1897, the Chinese and Korean Empire agreed that the latter would established a permanent embassy in Beijing. The Korean legation was short-lived and only existed from 1903 to 1905, when it was terminated by effect of the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905.[11]
- Chun-gil Kim The History of Korea, pp. 76-77. 7
- (in Korean) 사대교린 (조선 외교), Britannica online Korea
- Twitchett, Denis C. (1998). The Cambridge history of China, Vol. 8, The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644: Part 2, pp. 286-289.
- Jinju National Museum: Chronology, June 1592[permanent dead link]
- Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch (RASKB): Yi Sugwang in Beijing (1597).[permanent dead link] May 2009.
- Cheongwadae, Office of the President, Republic of Korea: About Korea>History>Goryeo & Joseon Dynasties>Late Joseon Period
- vanBraam Houckgeest, André Everard. (1798). An Authentic Account of the Embassy of the Dutch East-India Company, to the Court of the Emperor of China, in the Years 1974 and 1795, p. 272.
- Kang, Jae-eun, and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 445
- Daehwan, Noh. "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century," Korea Journal (Winter 2003).
- Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8; OCLC 243874305
- Kang, Jae-eun and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. ISBN 978-1-931907-37-8; OCLC 60931394
- Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The history of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33296-8; ISBN 978-0-313-03853-2; OCLC 217866287
- Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1951-3
- vanBraam Houckgeest, André Everard. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795, Vol. I. London : R. Phillips.