K_League
K League
Football league
K League (Korean: K리그) is South Korea's professional football league. It includes the first division K League 1 and the second division K League 2.[1][2]
| Organising body | Korea Football Association (1983–1986) K League Federation (1987–1988) Korea Football Association (1989–1994) K League Federation (1994–present) |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1983 |
| Country | South Korea |
| Confederation | AFC |
| Divisions | K League 1 K League 2 |
| Number of teams | 25 |
| Level on pyramid | 1–2 |
| Domestic cup(s) | Korean FA Cup |
| International cup(s) | AFC Champions League Elite AFC Champions League 2 |
| Current champions | Ulsan Hyundai (2023) |
| Most championships | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors (9 titles) |
| TV partners | JTBC Golf&Sports Sky Sports (South Korea) |
| Website | www |
| Current: 2024 K League 1 2024 K League 2 | |
Until the 1970s, South Korean football operated two major football leagues, the National Semi-professional Football League and the National University Football League, but these were not professional leagues in which footballers could focus on only football. In 1979, however, the Korea Football Association (KFA)'s president Choi Soon-young planned to found a professional football league,[3] and made South Korea's first professional football club Hallelujah FC the next year.[4] After the South Korean professional baseball league KBO League was founded in 1982, the KFA was aware of crisis about the popularity of football.[5] In 1983, it urgently made the Korean Super League with two professional clubs (Hallelujah FC, Yukong Elephants) and three semi-professional clubs (POSCO Dolphins, Daewoo Royals, Kookmin Bank) to professionalize South Korean football. Then, the Super League accomplished its purpose after existing clubs were also converted into professional clubs (POSCO Atoms, Daewoo Royals) and new professional clubs joined the league. In the early years, it also showed a promotion system by giving qualifications to the Semi-professional League winners. (Hanil Bank in 1984, Sangmu FC in 1985)
However, the number of spectators was consistently decreased despite KFA's effort, and so the professional league, renamed as the Korean Professional Football League, operated home and away system to interest fans since 1987.[6] On 30 July 1994, the Professional League Committee under KFA was independent of the association, and renamed as the "Korean Professional Football Federation". In 1996, South Korean government and the Football Federation introduced a decentralization policy to proliferate the popularity of football nationally in preparation for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which they wanted to host. Several clubs located in the capital Seoul moved to other cities according to the new policy, but this was abolished after only three years and is regarded as a failed policy because it gave up the most populous city in South Korea. In 1998, the league was renamed again as current K League.[7]
It had the current format by abolishing the K League Championship and the Korean League Cup after the 2011 season, and being split into two divisions in 2013. The first division's name was the K League Classic, and the second division's name was the K League Challenge at the time. The fact that both the first and the second divisions had very similar names caused some degree of confusion and controversy.[8] Beginning with the 2018 season, both divisions were renamed the K League 1 and the K League 2 respectively.
In February 2021, an OTT service for international markets called K League TV was officially launched.[9]
Below K League 1 is the second-tier K League 2, and both form the K League as professional championships. Under them, there are two semi-professional leagues (K3 League and K4 League) and three amateur leagues (K5, K6 and K7 Leagues). At present, promotion and relegation exists within each of the three levels (professional, semi-professional, and amateur) but clubs from K3 and below cannot be promoted to the K League. However, the KFA has announced plans to combine the three promotion-relegation systems into one from 2027.[10]
Since 2021, K League 1 and K League 2 teams have been permitted to field their reserve teams in the K4 League.[11]
Current clubs
K League 1
K League 2
All-time clubs
As of 2024, there have been a total of 36 member clubs in the history of the K League – those clubs are listed below with their current names (where applicable):
- K League's principle of official statistics is that final club succeeds to predecessor club's history and records.
- Clubs in italics no longer exist.
| No. | Club | Owner(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | POSCO Dolphins[lower-alpha 1] (1983–1984) POSCO Atoms (1985–1994) Pohang Atoms (1995–1996) Pohang Steelers (1997–present) |
POSCO |
| 2 | Hallelujah FC[lower-alpha 2] (1983–1985) | Shindongah Group [ko] |
| 3 | Yukong Elephants (1983–1995) Bucheon Yukong (1996–1997) Bucheon SK (1997–2005) Jeju United (2006–present) |
SK Energy |
| 4 | Daewoo Royals[lower-alpha 3] (1983–1995) Busan Daewoo Royals (1996–1999) Busan I'Cons (2000–2004) Busan IPark (2005–present) |
Daewoo (1983–1999) HDC Group (2000–present) |
| 5 | Kookmin Bank[lower-alpha 4] (1983–1984) | Kookmin Bank |
| 6 | Hyundai Horang-i (1984–1995) Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i (1996–2007) Ulsan Hyundai (2008–2023) Ulsan HD (2024–present) |
Hyundai Motor Company (1984–1997) Hyundai Heavy Industries (1998–present) |
| 7 | Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso (1984–1990) LG Cheetahs (1991–1995) Anyang LG Cheetahs (1996–2003) FC Seoul (2004–present) |
LG Group (1984–2004) GS Group (2004–present) |
| 8 | Hanil Bank FC (1984–1986) | Hanil Bank |
| 9[lower-alpha 5] | Sangmu FC (1985) | Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps |
| 10 | Ilhwa Chunma (1989–1995) Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma (1996–1999) Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma (2000–2013) Seongnam FC (2014–present) |
Ilwha Company (1989–2013) Seongnam Government (2014–present) |
| 11 | Chonbuk Buffalo (1994) | Bobae Soju |
| 12 | Jeonbuk Dinos (1995–1996) Jeonbuk Hyundai Dinos (1997–1999) Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors (2000–present) |
Hyunyang Company (1995–1999) Hyundai Motor Company (1995–present) |
| 13 | Jeonnam Dragons (1995–present) | POSCO |
| 14 | Suwon Samsung Bluewings (1996–present) | Samsung Electronics (1996–2014) Cheil Worldwide (2014–present) |
| 15 | Daejon Citizen (1997–2019) Daejeon Hana Citizen (2020–present) |
Dong Ah Group (1997–1998) Chungchong Bank (1997–1998) Dongyang Department Store (1997–1999) Kyeryong Construction Company (1997–2002) Daejeon Government (2003–2019) Hana Financial Group (2020–present) |
| 16[lower-alpha 5] | Gwangju Sangmu (2003–2010) | Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps Gwangju Government |
| 17 | Daegu FC (2003–present) | Daegu Government |
| 18 | Incheon United (2004–present) | Incheon Government |
| 19 | Gyeongnam FC (2006–present) | Gyeongnam Provincial Government |
| 20 | Gangwon FC (2009–present) | Gangwon Provincial Government |
| 21[lower-alpha 5] | Sangju Sangmu (2011–2020) | Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps Sangju Government |
| 22 | Gwangju FC (2011–present) | Gwangju Government |
| 23[lower-alpha 6] | Police FC (2013) Ansan Police (2014–2015) Ansan Mugunghwa (2016) |
KNP Sports Club Ansan Government (2014–2016) |
| 24 | Goyang Hi FC[lower-alpha 7] (2013–2015) Goyang Zaicro (2016) |
|
| 25 | Chungju Hummel[lower-alpha 8] (2013–2016) | Hummel Korea |
| 26 | Suwon FC[lower-alpha 9] (2013–present) | Suwon Government |
| 27 | Bucheon FC 1995 (2013–present) | Bucheon Government |
| 28 | FC Anyang (2013–present) | Anyang Government |
| 29 | Seoul E-Land (2015–present) | E-Land Group |
| 30[lower-alpha 6] | Asan Mugunghwa (2017–2019) | KNP Sports Club Asan Government |
| 31 | Ansan Greeners (2017–present) | Ansan Government |
| 32 | Chungnam Asan (2020–present) | Asan Government Chungnam Provincial Government |
| 33[lower-alpha 5] | Gimcheon Sangmu (2021–present) | Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps Gimcheon Government |
| 34 | Gimpo FC[lower-alpha 10] (2022–present) | Gimpo Government |
| 35 | Cheonan City[lower-alpha 11] (2023–present) | Cheonan Government |
| 36 | Chungbuk Cheongju[lower-alpha 12] (2023–present) | Cheongju Government |
The K League promotion-relegation play-offs were introduced in 2013 and are contested between the eleventh-placed team of K League 1 and the runners-up of K League 2. The first leg is always played at the second division team's home ground, while the second leg is played at the first division team's home ground. Starting in 2022, another series was added between the tenth-placed team of K League 1 and the third-placed team of K League 2.
| Season | K League 1 | Aggregate | K League 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | Gangwon FC | 2–4 | Sangju Sangmu | 1–4 | 1–0 |
| 2014 | Gyeongnam FC | 2–4 | Gwangju FC | 1–3 | 1–1 |
| 2015 | Busan IPark | 0–3 | Suwon FC | 0–1 | 0–2 |
| 2016 | Seongnam FC | 1–1 (a) | Gangwon FC | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| 2017 | Sangju Sangmu | 1–1 (5–4 p) | Busan IPark | 1–0 | 0–1 (a.e.t.) |
| 2018 | FC Seoul | 4–2 | Busan IPark | 3–1 | 1–1 |
| 2019 | Gyeongnam FC | 0–2 | Busan IPark | 0–0 | 0–2 |
| 2020 | Not held[lower-alpha 1] | ||||
| 2021 | Gangwon FC | 4–2 | Daejeon Hana Citizen | 0–1 | 4–1 |
| 2022 | Suwon Samsung Bluewings | 2–1 | FC Anyang | 0–0 | 2–1 (a.e.t.) |
| Gimcheon Sangmu | 1–6 | Daejeon Hana Citizen | 1–2 | 0–4 | |
| 2023 | Gangwon FC | 2–1 | Gimpo FC | 0–0 | 2–1 |
| Suwon FC | 6–4 | Busan IPark | 1–2 | 5–2 (a.e.t.) | |
K League officially includes records of K League 1, K League 2 and Korean League Cup in its statistics.
- As of 25 November 2020[12]
| Category | Record holder | Record |
|---|---|---|
| Appearances |  Kim Byung-ji |
706 |
| Goals | Lee Dong-gook |
228 |
| Assists | Yeom Ki-hun |
110 |
| Clean sheets | Kim Byung-ji |
229 |
| Longest goal | Kwon Jung-hyuk |
85 m |
| Fastest goal | Bang Seung-hwan |
00:11 |
| Fastest assist | Lee Jae-sung |
00:18 |
At the inception of the K League in 1983, only two Brazilian players made rosters. At the time, rules allowed each club to have three foreign players and that the three could also play simultaneously in a game. From the 1996 season, each team had five foreign players among whom three could play in a game at the same time. Since 1999, foreign goalkeepers are banned from the league because South Korean clubs excessively employed foreign goalkeepers after watching Valeri Sarychev's performances at that time.[13] In 2001 and 2002, the limit on foreign players was expanded to seven but only three could play in a game at the same time. The limit was lowered to five in 2003, four in 2005, and three in 2007. Since 2009, the number of foreign players went back up to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries. Since 2020, Southeast Asian players can be registered under the ASEAN Quota.[14]
| Season | Lineup | Squad | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983–1993 | 2 | 2 | |
| 1994 | 2 | 3 | |
| 1995 | 3 | 3 | |
| 1996–2000 | 3 | 5 | The number of foreign goalkeepers' appearances was limited in 1997 and 1998, and their employment is being banned since 1999.
|
| 2001–2002 | 3 | 7 | Temporary operation due to frequent call-ups of the World Cup team. |
| 2003–2004 | 3 | 5 | |
| 2005 | 3 | 4 | |
| 2006–2008 | 3 | 3 | |
| 2009–2019 | 3+1 | 3+1 | +1 AFC player |
| 2020–present | 3+1+1 | 3+1+1 | +1 AFC player +1 Southeast Asian player; only used by K League 2 since 2023. |
| 2023–present | 3+1 | 5+1 | +1 AFC player; only used by K League 1. |
In early years, the hometowns of K League clubs were determined,[15] but they were pointless in substance because the clubs played all K League matches by going around all stadiums together. The current home and away system is being operated since 1987. The clubs were relocated from provinces to cities in 1990, but clubs are currently based in their area regardless of province and city since 1994. In 1996, the decentralization policy was operated. In result 3 clubs based in Seoul were relocated. Since 1996, it is obligatory for all clubs to include hometown name in their club name.
| Club | National tour system (1983–1986) | Home and away system (1987–present) |
|---|---|---|
| Pohang Steelers | Daegu–Gyeongbuk (1983) | Daegu–Gyeongbuk → Pohang (1988[lower-alpha 1]) |
| Jeju United | Seoul–Incheon–Gyeonggi (1983) → Seoul (1984) | Seoul → Incheon–Gyeonggi (1987) → Seoul (1991) → Bucheon (2001[lower-alpha 2]) → Jeju (2006) |
| Busan IPark | Busan–Gyeongnam (1983) | Busan–Gyeongnam → Busan (1989[lower-alpha 3]) |
| Ulsan HD | Incheon–Gyeonggi (1984) → Incheon–Gyeonggi–Gangwon (1986) | Gangwon (1987) → Ulsan (1990) |
| FC Seoul | Chungnam–Chungbuk (1984) | Chungnam–Chungbuk → Seoul (1990) → Anyang (1996) → Seoul (2004) |
| Seongnam FC | — | Seoul (1989) → Cheonan (1996) → Seongnam (2000) |
| Gimcheon Sangmu[lower-alpha 4] | — | Gwangju (2003) → Sangju (2011) → Gimcheon (2021) |
| Asan Mugunghwa[lower-alpha 5] | — | Unlocated[lower-alpha 6] (2013) → Ansan (2014) → Asan (2017) |
- Bucheon Yukong decided Bucheon as its new city in 1996, but played its home matches at Mokdong Stadium located in Mok-dong, Seoul until 2000, because Bucheon Stadium was under construction during that time.
- Police FC, Ansan Police, and Asan Mugunghwa are separate legal entities according to K League. Officially not relocated and re-founded as a new civil club named Chungnam Asan, in 2019.
Annual awards
Hall of Fame
| Year | Inductee | Category | Clubs | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Choi Soon-ho | Stars | POSCO Atoms (1983–1987, 1991) Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso (1988–1990) |
[16] |
| 2023 | Hong Myung-bo | Stars | Pohang Steelers (1992–1997, 2002) | [16] |
| 2023 | Shin Tae-yong | Stars | Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma (1992–2004) | [16] |
| 2023 | Lee Dong-gook | Stars | Pohang Steelers (1998–2002, 2005–2006) Gwangju Sangmu (2003–2005) Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma (2008) Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors (2009–2020) |
[16] |
| 2023 | Kim Jung-nam | Leaders | Yukong Elephants (1985–1992) Ulsan Hyundai (2000–2008) |
[16] |
| 2023 | Park Tae-joon | Honors | Pohang Steelers Jeonnam Dragons |
[16] |
| Sponsor | Season | Competition |
|---|---|---|
| None | 1983–1993 | Korean Professional Football League |
| Hite | 1994–1995 | Hite Cup Korean League |
| Rapido | 1996–1997 | Rapido Cup Professional Football League |
| Hyundai Group | 1998 | Hyundai Cup K-League |
| Hyundai Securities [ko] | 1999 | Buy Korea Cup K-League |
| Samsung Electronics | 2000 | Samsung DigiTall K-League |
| POSCO | 2001 | POSCO K-League |
| Samsung Electronics | 2002 | Samsung PAVV K-League |
| 2003–2008 | Samsung Hauzen K-League | |
| None | 2009 | K-League |
| Hyundai Motor Company | 2010 | Sonata K League |
| Hyundai Oilbank | 2011–2016 | Hyundai Oilbank K League |
| Hana Bank | 2017–2018 | KEB Hana Bank K League |
| 2019–present | Hana 1Q K League |
- "In search of Korea's disappearing Red Devils". Korea JoongAng Daily. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- "South Korean Teams Fight for Attention at Home". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- "崔蹴協회장 후원회는 法人등록 北韓·中共과도 교류". Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 31 January 1979. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- 韓國球界 「프로時代」올것인가 「할렐루야」蹴球團 10월 창단을 계기로 본 「難題」속의 期待‥‥그展望과문제점. Naver (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 18 April 1980. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- Kim, Deok-gi (16 January 2013). [김덕기의 프로축구 10950] 슈퍼리그, 1983년 5월8일 팡파르. Naver (in Korean). Sportalkorea. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- 프로蹴球 명예回復 선언. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 24 February 1987. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- 서울 연고 이랜드프로축구단 출범…FC서울과 '투톱'. Naver (in Korean). The Korea Economic Daily. 2 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- 위원석의 하프타임 'K리그'에 새로운 이름을 붙여주자 (in Korean). Sports Seoul. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013.
- Jee-ho, Yoo (23 February 2021). "K League launches new OTT service for international markets". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- Paik, Ji-hwan (28 March 2024). "K League to unify promotion-relegation system across all 7 leagues". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- "K3·K4리그 대표자회의 개최...3월 7일 개막". KFA. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- "K League Data Portal" (in Korean). K League. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- [원투펀치 328회 2부] K리그 역대 베스트 키퍼 Top7. TV.Kakao.com (in Korean). Daum. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- "News: K League to Introduce ASEAN Quota in 2020". K League United. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- K League history - 1983 season (in Korean). K League. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- 'K리그 명예의 전당' 초대 헌액자 발표 (in Korean). K League. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- Official K League website (in English)