Kamakanan_languages
The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:
Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]
- Southern
- Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
- Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
- Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
- Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
- Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
- Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
- Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
- Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Northern
- Masacará - extinct language once spoken south of the city of Juazeiro and in the old mission of Saco dos Morcegos, state of Bahia.
Mason (1950)
Martins (2007)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):[3]
- Kamakã
Masakará is the most divergent language.
Ramirez (2015)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[4]
Nikulin (2020)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Nikulin (2020):[5]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]
More information gloss, Kamakan ...
gloss | Kamakan | Mangaló | Menien | Kutasho | Masacará |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
head | heró | hero | inro | heró | axaró |
eye | an-kedó | kedó | im-gutó | kithó | gätxt |
tooth | txó | dió | yo | dió | thüó |
foot | wadé | uadä | hoata | huaxtö | |
water | d san | sa | sa | sin | tsyin |
fire | yakó | diaxka | yarú | tiakíl | guxá |
star | pʔiong | péo | pinia | pião | pinatsö |
maize | hikamhi | kesho | kshó | kethió | käxü |
jaguar | yakoe-dere | yaké-deré | kukiamú | tiuké-hiá | yakveo |
black | kohada | koaxéda | kuatá | tá | koeixtá |
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Quick Facts Proto-Kamakã, Reconstruction of ...
Proto-Kamakã | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Kamakã languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
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Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):[3]
More information Portuguese gloss (original), English gloss (translated) ...
Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Proto-Kamakã |
---|---|---|
água | water | *tsã |
andar | to walk | *mã |
anta | tapir | *here |
arara | macaw | *tʃoke |
arco | bow | *kwã |
árvore | tree | *hi |
banana | banana | *tako |
beber | to drink | *ka |
beber (água) | to drink (water) | *tsã-ka |
belo | beautiful | *tʃoho |
boca | mouth | *eriko |
branco | white | *kVhVro |
cabeça | head | *hero |
cabelo | hair | *ke |
carne | meat | *kohoaja |
casa | house | *toa |
chuva | rain | *tsã |
comer | to eat | *jukwa |
dente | tooth | *tʃo |
dormir | to sleep | *hondõ |
esp. de banana | banana sp. | *tako |
estrela | star | *pio |
faca | knife | *ketʃa, *ketja |
feijão | bean | *kinja |
filha | daughter | *kiaxrará |
filha, filho | daughter, son | *krani |
filho | son | *ketje |
flecha | arrow | *hwaj, *waj |
fogo | fire | *tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ |
irmã | sister | *tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã |
lua | moon | *hetʃe, *hedje |
macaco | monkey | *kaũ |
machado | axe | *kedo |
madeira | wood | *hi)-ta |
mandioca | manioc | *kajɨ |
mão | hand | *ker |
menino | boy | *kwanĩ |
milho | maize | *ketʃo |
milho | maize | *ketjo |
muito | very | *hie-hie |
nariz | nose | *niniko |
olho | eye | *keto |
onça (Felis onça) | jaguar (Felis) | *jake |
orelha | ear | *nikoka |
pai | father | *kehentã |
papagaio | parrot | *karaj |
pássaro | bird | *tʃano |
pequeno | small | *(V)ta |
preto, negro | black | *kwahda, *kwaxda |
quati | coati | *pitako |
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Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Kamakã reconstructions
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. MA thesis, University of Brasília.
- Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.