The kamancheh (also kamānche or kamāncha) (Persian: کمانچه, Azerbaijani: kamança, Armenian: քամանչա, Kurdish: کەمانچە ,kemançe) is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian,^[1] Azerbaijani,^[2] Armenian,^[3] Kurdish,^[4] Georgian, Turkmen, and Uzbek music with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.^[5][6] The kamancheh is related to the rebab which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra.^[7] The strings are played with a variable-tension bow.

In 2017, the art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Azerbaijan and Iran.^[8]

The word "kamancheh" means "little bow" in Persian (kæman, bow, and -cheh, diminutive).^[9] The Turkish word kemençe is borrowed from Persian, with the pronunciation adapted to Turkish phonology. It also denotes a bowed string instrument, but the Turkish version differs significantly in structure and sound from the Persian kamancheh. There is also an instrument called kabak kemane literally "pumpkin-shaped bow instrument" used in Turkish music which is only slightly different from the Iranian kamancheh.^[10]

The kamancheh has a long neck including fingerboard which kamancheh maker shapes it as a truncated inverse cone for easy bow moving in down section, pegbox in both side of which four pegs are placed, and finial^[11] Traditionally kamanchehs had three silk strings, but modern instruments have four metal strings. Kamanchehs may have highly ornate inlays and elaborately carved ivory tuning pegs. The body has a long upper neck and a lower bowl-shaped resonating chamber made from a gourd or wood, usually covered with a membrane made from the skin of a lamb, goat or sometimes a fish, on which the bridge is set. From the bottom protrudes a spike to support the kamancheh while it is being played, hence in English, the instrument is sometimes called the spiked fiddle. It is played sitting down held like a cello though it is about the length of a viol. The end-pin can rest on the knee or thigh while the player is seated in a chair.^[6]

Kamancheh is usually tuned like an ordinary violin (G, D, A, E).

• Kamancha on the Armenian miniature, XVI or XVII century.
• Qajar Iran miniature of a woman playing the kamancheh.
• A woman playing the kamancheh. Detail from a wall painting in which Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar is surrounded by musicians and dancers. Painted by Abuʾl-Qasim, dated 1816.^[12]
• Woman playing kamancheh, ca. 1820.
• The Armenian ashugh Sayat-Nova playing a kamanacheh, ca. 1964.
• Azerbaijani kamancheh player Malik Mansurov.
• Kayhan Kalhor performance in Vahdat Hall, Tehran, 2016.
• Kamancheh player, Kermanshah, Iran, 2008.
• Kamancha player, Yerevan.

• Habil Aliyev
• Mehdi Bagheri
• Ali-Asghar Bahari
• Mark Eliyahu
• Kayhan Kalhor
• Ardeshir Kamkar
• Kourosh Babaei
• Sayat-Nova
• Yaara Beeri
• Mehrnam Rastegari

• List of bowed stringed instruments
• Music of Iran
• Music of Azerbaijan
• Byzantine lira
• Haegeum
• Rebab
• Silk Road Ensemble