Karirí-Xocó
Xocó language
Extinct indigenous language of Brazil
Xocó (Chocó, Shokó) is a dead and poorly attested language or languages of Brazil that is not known to be related to other languages. It is known from three populations: Xokó (Chocó) in Sergipe, Kariri-Xocó (Kariri-Shoko, Cariri-Chocó) in Alagoas, and Xukuru-Kariri (Xucuru-Kariri, Xucuru-Cariri) in Alagoas. It is not clear if these were one language or three. It is only known from a few dozen words from one Kariri-Xoco elder and three Xukuru-Kariri elders in 1961.
| Xocó | |
|---|---|
| Shoko | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Sergipe, Alagoas |
| Extinct | Last half of 20th century[1] |
Unclassified; not clear if a single language | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | erroneously subsumed under Karirí-Xocó [kzw] |
| Glottolog | xoco1235 Xoco |
It was originally spoken along the Piancó River is an area that is now a suburb of Porto Real do Colégio.[2]
In ISO encoding, the language was conflated with the Kariri family as ISO 639-3 [kzw] 'Karirí-Xocó'; Ethnologue does not indicate if this was a conscious decision.
Xoco, Xukuru, and Kariri are all common generic names in the region. See Kariri languages.
Pompeu (1958)
Chocó (Xocó) vocabulary collected in Colégio, Alagoas:[3]
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Chocó |
|---|---|---|
| fogo | fire | atsá, tsá |
| água | water | taká |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | pupú |
| homem | man | mãjikêô |
Meader (1978)
Five Xukuru-Kariri word lists collected by Menno Kroeker in Alagoas in 1961 are published in Meader (1978).[4]
Words recorded from an elderly male pajé (shaman) in Porto Real do Colégio:
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Xukuru-Kariri |
|---|---|---|
| chuva | rain | sèhóιdzˈὲʔà |
| fumo | smoke | bˈázè |
| lua | moon | kˈriũavi |
| mandioca | manioc | gˈrïgɔ |
| menino | boy | semˈentiais |
| mulher | woman | spˈikwais |
| rio | river | oːpˈara |
| sol | sun | kràšùtˈó |
| terra | earth | aːtsιhˈi |
| vento | wind | mə̀núsˈi |
| batata | potato | dˈódsákà |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | catʔokə |
| Colégio (cidade) | Colégio (city) | simidˈo |
| deus | God | sõsˈeh |
| dinheiro | money | mεrεkiˈa |
| farinha | flour | tˈónà |
| feijão | bean | nˈódsákà |
| gado | cattle | krˈazɔ |
| galinha | chicken | cáːkìʔ |
| luz | light | kápˈòèr |
| ovelha | sheep | sábˈòèR |
| peru | turkey | brεfˈεlia |
| porco | pig | korˈe |
| soldado | soldier | òlˈófò |
Words recorded from Alfredo Caboquim, a pajé (shaman), and his brother Miguel Caboquim in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Xukuru-Kariri |
|---|---|---|
| carne de boi | beef | ˈbeiñõ |
| chuva | rain | šualya |
| dê-me fogo para o cigarro | Give me fire for the cigarette. | àòšˈínòʔ ìnˈísìà sˈèdàià |
| lua / moça | moon / girl | seːya |
| mãe | mother | isá |
| milho | corn | matˈilya |
| não (mentira) | no (lie) | eːyo |
| nariz | nose | nˈəmbi |
| pai | dad | étfˈὲ |
| anzol | fish hook | èáyˈɔ̀ / alyɔ (?) |
| batata | potato | dˈotsakə |
| bebida de mandioca | manioc drink | gúlížˈɔ̀ (gálížˈɔ̀) |
| bode | goat | filˈisakə |
| boi | ox | léfétˈìa |
| cachorro | dog | it(ə)lˈo |
| cachorro de brinquedo | toy dog | ìt(ə)lˈó tə̀núnšweˈì |
| dança indígena | indigenous dance | áʔálˈèndà |
| deus | God | àʔúdéódályˈà |
| estrangeiro | foreigner, stranger | kóbˈè |
| farinha | flour | tititsia |
| feijão | bean | nˈatsakə |
| folga dos índios | indigenous holiday | arikulilyˈa / kèːšátíkáˈya (?) |
| fumando cachimbo | to smoke a pipe | puèpùˈa |
| galinha | chicken | sˈetˈáduàlyà |
| gato | cat | atašeškia |
| índia | indigenous woman | sétsˈòníká |
| lagarto | lizard | šˈua atˈežo / tˈeyu (?) |
| mulato | mulatto | mulatι̃nkya |
| negro | black person | tùpíə̃̀nkyà |
| padre | father | ĩŋklaˈišoa |
| (pausa) – considerando as palavras | pause (when thinking of words) | ə̃hə̃ |
| peru | turkey | aotˈisakə |
| porco | pig | àːlˈé |
| praia (?) | beach (?) | práiˈà |
| quarto de homem | men's quarters | subεbˈe |
| como vai? | How are you? | àkàkˈáumà |
| vou bem, obrigado | I am fine, thank you. | íkàkˈə́ |
| senhor | sir | ˈĩŋklai |
| vamos embora | Let's go. | òːšˈóuà |
| homem mais velho | older man | tošˈa / aošιnə̃ŋklainšoa taškiˈa |
Words recorded from an elderly farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Xukuru-Kariri |
|---|---|---|
| água | water | oiyˈa |
| carne de boi | beef | aòtˈísiə̀ |
| fogo | fire | tóˈè |
| aguardente | aguardente | kóšákˈà |
| bode | goat | sákúlˈὲ, sákúlˈègò |
| bonito | beautiful | atilišˈĩ |
| brancos | white people | ə̃́nkláʔˈì |
| cabelo crespo (de negro) | curly hair (of black people) | tuʔˈĩ |
| café | coffee | tópˈì |
| cigarro | cigarette | àlísíˈàx |
| índio | indigenous man / person | sέtsˈò |
| mãe de Jesus | mother of Jesus (Virgin Mary) | kwə́ntópˈə̃̀ atoayˈə |
| negra | black man | (i)atuayˈa |
| negro | black woman | túpíyˈà |
| porco | pig | šíə̃̀ntì |
| tatu | armadillo | rṍmpˈə̀tì |
Words recorded from João Candido da Silva, a young farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Xukuru-Kariri |
|---|---|---|
| fumo | smoke | šíšúˈà |
| dança | dance | arikurˈi |
| deus | God | dédùˈá / íŋklàˈíx |
Words recorded from José Fermino da Silva of Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:
| Portuguese gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Xukuru-Kariri |
|---|---|---|
| água | water | óiyˈàh |
| fogo para o cigarro | fire for cigarette | tòˈéh asendendisi / tòˈéh pàrə̀ns-ˈíáx |
| batata | potato | dˈótsákà |
| branco | white person | kràiʔˈé |
| caboclo | caboclo | sǽtsˈùx |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | pua / pue |
| deus | God | dèdˈúa |
| feijão | bean | nˈótsákà |
| negra | black | kòbˈéh |
| obrigado | thank you | bèréˈɔ́ |
| pau (claraíba) | claraíba tree | frˈéžɔ̀ìž |
| pau (d'arco) | Tabebuia tree | paìpˈέ |
- Xocó at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
- Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
